CCJ220 Final Exam
Describe the white male backlash that has resulted from the rise in affirmative action programs
As more police jobs and promotions began to go to minorities, fewer white males received those jobs and promotions. White males were passed over on entrance and promotion examinations by minorities, some of whom had received lower test scores. This situation resulted in turmoil, with angry white males voicing anger and resentment, and counter-lawsuits followed.
Explain the primary means of ensuring personal safety prior to the establishment of formal, organized police departments.
Citizens were responsible for protecting themselves.
Discuss why the job analysis is such a vital phase in the police hiring practice.
Identifies the important skills that must be performed by police officers, and then identifies the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to perform those tasks.
Discuss the roles and responsibilities of international police in relation to American police
Interpol was designed to develop cooperation between differing political jurisdictions of national levels for crimes that cross jurisdictional boundaries while American policing is structured around independent local levels of government which is different than most other countries in the world which employs national police.
Discuss the influence of the English police experience on American policing.
The American system of law and criminal justice borrowed from the English police experience only differing in focus on individual rights keeping control of policing at local rather than federal levels
Articulate the meaning of police-community relations and their importance to the safety and quality of life in a community.
The police can best serve the community when they are regarded as part of the community by both the residents and themselves.
Explain the police subculture and why it results in the blue wall of silence.
a) A figurative protective barrier erected by the police in which officers protect one another from outsiders, often even refusing to aid police superiors or other law enforcement officials in investigating wrongdoing of other officers b) Traits of Police Subculture: i) Clannishness ii) Secrecy iii) Isolation from the public iv) Honor v) Loyalty vi) Individuality
Define entrapment and show how it relates to police tactical and undercover operations.
a) A legal defense that holds that police originated the criminal idea or initiated the criminal action. b) Inducement is the key word; when police encouragement plays upon the weaknesses of innocent persons and beguiles them into committing crimes they normally would not attempt, the police action can be deemed improper as entrapment and the evidence barred under the exclusionary rule
Examine the issue of rapid response to citizens' 911 calls.
a) Academic Studies of the Patrol Function b) Little Studies before the 1960's c) For many years, the major role of police patrol was considered to be law enforcement. However, research conducted in the 1960s and 1970s by academics showed that very little of a patrol officer's time was spent on crime-fighting duties. d) From the Foot Beat to the Patrol Car e) One-Officer Versus Two-Officer Patrol Cars f) Return to Foot Patrol
Intelligently discuss challenges facing today's law enforcement agencies and agents
a) Active Shooters b) Immigration c) Social Media d) Natural Disasters e) Ferguson
Discuss traditional detective operations
a) Are Detectives effective at reducing crime. i) It is generally believed that the patrol officer- detective relationship and their roles in an investigation are complementary and symbiotic and make for successful investigative outcomes.
Characterize the police personality and how it is expressed.
a) Authoritarianism b) Suspiciousness c) Hostility d) Insecurity e) Conservatism f) Cynicism
Discuss the pros and cons of organizing a law enforcement department by area.
a) Beats b) Precincts/ Districts/ Stations
Describe and discuss the occupational dangers to the health and safety of police officers.
a) Being Killed in the line of duty b) Being seriously injured in the line of duty
Identify and discuss some of the advanced technology available to law enforcement.
a) Biometric Identification- Automated identification systems that use particular physical characteristics to distinguish one person from another. b) In-Car and Body-Worn Cameras c) Robotics- using robots to perform operations formerly done by human beings
Discuss the current thinking about corporate strategies for policing, including strategic policing, community policing, and problem-solving policing.
a) Businesses throughout the United States have become increasingly involved in assisting their local police departments in the last couple of decades. b) They are partnering to assist law enforcement with funds and equipment.
Describe some successful examples of problem-oriented policing.
a) California b) Texas c) Colorado d) North Carolina
Summarize the academic studies examining the performance of women and minorities in policing.
a) Challenges for Women b) Challenges for African Americans c) Challenges for Other Minorities
Describe the policing recruitment process, particularly the recent changes and current challenges
a) Characteristics of Good Police Officers b) Written Examination c) Physical Agility Test d) Polygraph Examination e) Oral Interview f) Background Investigation g) Psychological Appraisal h) Medical Examination
Discuss the importance of crime analysis and information management, and the current coordinated efforts facilitating investigative success
a) Crime Analysis b) Information Management c) Multiagency Investigative Task Forces d) Repeat Offender Programs e) Internet Registries f) Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Technology, Smartphones, and Social Media g) Surveillance Cameras h) Cold-Case Squads
Discuss the police role, including the distinctions between crime fighting and order maintenance.
a) Crime- Fighting Role- Law Enforcement b) Order Maintenance Role- Keeping the Peace
Discuss the importance of fingerprint technology as applied to law enforcement
a) Currently more quickly evaluated and assessed than DNA. b) Basic Categories of Fingerprints- c) Inked Prints d) Latent Prints e) Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS)- Fingerprinting innovation begun in the 1980'2 in which a print technician can enter unidentified latent fingerprints into a computer. The computer automatically searches its files and presents a list of likely matches. f) Technology g) Live Scan, IBIS, Facial Recognition,
Describe the proactive tactics being used by investigators.
a) Decoy Operations: Operations in which officers dress as and play the role of potential victims in the hope of attracting and catching a criminal. b) Stakeout Operations: The hidden surveillance of a location or person. c) Sting Operations: Undercover police operations in which police pose as criminals to arrest law violators. d) Cybercrime Investigations: Criminal activity involving computers and networks, ranging from fraud to viruses to infiltrating networks or sites to obtain personal information for identity theft or to shut systems down.
Discuss the history of social responses to deviant behavior from a structural perspective.
a) Deplorable conditions in Mental Health Facilities-(Up to 1980's) b) Deinstitutionalization (1980's) c) Homelessness (1990's to Current) d) Criminalization of Homeless/Mentally Ill (1990's to current)
Explain how modern photographic techniques can solve crimes.
a) Digital Photography b) Aerial Photography c) Mug Shot Imaging d) Age-Progression Photographs e) Composite Sketches
Discuss the issues and perspectives behind decisions on how to deploy personnel and resources on patrol.
a) Directed Patrol- strategically to address a specific crime problem. i) Hot Spot- An area receiving a high volume of calls for service. ii) A method in which the patrol force is split; half responds to calls for service and the other half performs directed patrol activities. b) Differential Response to Calls for Service and the 911 System: i) The police response to calls for service varies according to the type and severity of the call. c) Reverse 911: allows police departments to call citizens in the entire jurisdiction or limit calls to a particular neighborhood where something is occurring. d) Smart 911: allows individuals to voluntarily register their phone numbers and enter associated personal, medical, and disability information into a secure website.
Explain and identify the factors that affect police discretion.
a) Discretion means the availability of a choice of options or actions one can take in a situation. We all exercise discretion many times every day in our lives. i) Contact or no contact ii) Cite/ arrest or not iii) Use force or not b) The Ferguson Effect- Police officers are reluctant to use force when necessary, and 72 percent say they or their colleagues are more reluctant to stop and question people who seem suspicious
Identify the major managerial concepts that must be considered when organizing a police department.
a) Division of Labor b) Managerial Definitions c) Leadership d) Organizational Model or structure e) Chain of command f) Span of control g) Delegation of responsibility and authority h) Unity of command i) Rules, regulations and discipline
Describe the role legislation and the federal government played in removing equal employment opportunity barriers to women and minorities in policing.
a) Enact laws to prevent discrimination, enforce discrimination laws, Interpret discrimination laws i) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ii) The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 iii) The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 iv) The Civil Rights Act of 1991 v) Federal Courts and Job Discrimination vi) Affirmative Action Programs
Discuss the challenges in evaluating the effectiveness of police work.
a) Evaluating Policing is difficult
Discuss innovative ways of performing the patrol function.
a) Evidence Based Policing: Using available scientific research on policing to implement crime-fighting strategies and department policies. b) Predictive Policing: The application of crime analysis, data analysis. and statistical predictions to identify targets for police attention, also called forecasting. c) Smart Policing: A funding initiative from the Bureau of Justice Administration that partners local law enforcement agencies with academics to develop and evaluate solutions to chronic crime problems.
Explain why levels of stress are higher in policing than other occupations and identify ways police departments can address the high levels of stress exhibited by their officers.
a) External Stress b) Organizational Stress c) Personal Stress d) Operational Stress
Identify and describe the various levels of law enforcement in the United States.
a) Federal b) State c) County d) Municipal e) Private
Summarize the representation of the different minorities in policing today.
a) Female Representation b) African American Representation c) Hispanic Representation d) Asian Representation e) Muslim Representation f) Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Representation
Describe the ambiguity of the police role, particularly in the aftermath of 9/11.
a) Force on Force b) Ambiguous i) The core of the police role involves law enforcement and the use of coercive force. ii) The primary skill of policing involves effectively handling problem situations while avoiding the use of force. iii) Skillful police officers avoid the use of force primarily through effective, creative communication.
Describe Modern forensics, including the CSI effect and how it affects criminal cases and court trials, and functions of crime labs, and the need for rigorous accreditation practices.
a) Forensic Science- The part of science applied to answering legal questions. b) Criminalistics- A branch of forensic science that deals with the study of physical evidence related to crime. c) The CSI Effect- The phenomenon in which the popularity of the television series CSI and its spin-offs make the public and jurors believe that the police can do what their television counterparts can. d) The Modern Crime Lab e) Ballistics f) Serology g) Criminalistics h) Crime Lab Accreditation i) Computer/ Digital Forensics- The science of identifying, collecting, preserving, documenting, examining, analyzing, and presenting evidence from computers, computer networks, and other electronic devices.
Discuss Homeland Security and how it impacts the United States.
a) Homeland Security-Efforts made since the terrorist acts of 9-11-2001 to protect the U.S. against terrorist acts.
Introduce alternatives to retroactive investigation of past crimes by detectives.
a) Improved Investigation of Past Crimes b) Managing Criminal Investigations (MCI) c) offers a series of guidelines that recommend expanding the role of patrol officers to include investigative responsibilities and designing a new method to manage criminal investigations by including solvability factors, case screening, case enhancement, and police and prosecutor coordination. d) Mentoring and Training
Describe the challenges still faced by minorities in policing today.
a) Less favorable work climate b) Harassment c) Recruitment d) Hiring e) Promotion f) Cultural acceptance g) Family issues h) Recruitment i) Hiring j) Acceptance k) Caught between culture and socialization process. l) Challenges for African-Americans m) Recruitment Challenges n) Dangerous Roles o) Tokenism p) Caught between two cultures q) Challenges for other Minorities r) Recent entry into law enforcement provides little or no representation in the command structure.
Explain why the use of less-than-lethal weapons can be seen as both necessary and dangerous.
a) Less-Than- Lethal weapons- Innovative alternatives to traditional firearms such as batons, body force techniques, chemical irritant sprays, and Tasers or stun guns. b) Chemical Irritant Sprays- c) The Taser and other Stun Devices d) Safety and Effectiveness of Less-Than-Lethal Weapons
Identify the potential problems and possible benefits law enforcement faces from organizing a department by function or purpose.
a) Line and Staff (Support) Functions b) Police Department Units
Identify and discuss the reliability of eyewitness identification and other identification procedures
a) Lineups, Show-ups, and Photo Arrays b) Lineup-Police identification procedure involving the placing of a suspect with a group of other people of similar physical characteristics so that a witness or victim of a crime can have the opportunity to identify the perpetrator of the crime. c) Show-up- Police identification process involving bringing a suspect back to the scene of the crime or another place (for example, a hospital where an injured victim is) where the suspect can be seen and possibly identified by a victim or witness of a crime. d) Photo Array- Police identification procedure similar to a lineup, except that photos of the suspect (who is not in custody) and others are shown to a witness or victim of a crime. e) Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Decisions: Police Identification Procedures f) Lineups United States v. Wade (1967), Kirby v. lllinois {1972) g) Show-ups Stoval v. Denno {1967) h) Photo arrays- United States v. Ash (1973) i) Medical procedures- Schmerber v. California {1966), Winston v. Lee {1985}, Missouri v. McNeely (2013) j) Eyewitness- Perry v. New Hampshire (2012)
Identify recent changes in law enforcement due to the economic downturn and reduced budgets
a) Loss of financial base b) Reworking of Priorities c) Reallocation of limited resources d) Use of Volunteers increased e) Use of technology
Discuss how the history and design of our health care system cause it to have fragmented responses.
a) Mental Illness b) Developmental Disability c) Organic Brain Injury or Disease
Identify and discuss some key concepts of crisis intervention in modern systems
a) Model of Rationality- Definitive line versus spectrum b) Fairness in Systems- Procedural Justice versus Equity in Health c) Competing Theories based on Perspective i) Societal Interests versus Individual Interests ii) Medicalization of Deviant Behavior versus Criminalization of Mental Health
Describe various minority populations and some of their issues regarding police interactions.
a) Multiculturalism b) African Americans c) Hispanic Americans d) Asian Americans e) Native Americans f) Arab Americans and Muslims g) Jews h) Women i) The LGBTQ Community j) New Immigrants
Evaluate some innovative community crime prevention programs that focus on crime reduction and improving the quality of life in communities.
a) Neighborhood Watch Programs b) National Night Out c) Citizen Patrols d) Citizen Volunteer Programs e) Home Security Surveys and Operation Identification f) Police Storefront Stations or Mini-stations g) Crime Stoppers h) Mass Media Campaigns i) Chaplain Programs j) Other Police-Sponsored Crime Prevention Programs
Discuss how community policing strategies can be useful in the fight against terror.
a) One of the primary goals would be the prevention of terrorist acts. b) Developing trusting relationships with citizens and partnering agencies develops better communication and information sharing increasing the effectiveness of information flows and increasing the number of people looking for suspicious activities that may relate to terrorism. c) Fusion Centers- Information Sharing Centers were created with this in mind
1) Identify and explain the critical issues between security and civil liberties.
a) Patriot Act b) National Security Letters-Information requests issued by a local FBI official who certifies that t he information is relevant to an international terrorism or foreign intelligence investigation. c) Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA Court)-Bill passed in 1978 requiring the NSA and the FBI to seek a special court's (the FISA Court's) permission to conduct searches and electronic surveillance in terrorism and spying cases.
Describe the response of the U.S. government immediately following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
a) Patriot Act- Public Law No. 107-56, passed in 2001, giving law enforcement new ability to search, seize, detain, or eavesdrop in their pursuit of possible terrorists; full tit le of the law is USA Patriot Act-Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. b) 9/11 Commission's Review of Efforts for Homeland Security
Describe recent policing innovations and technology
a) Patrol Car b) Two Way Radio c) Less Lethal Weapons d) Compstat e) Media f) Community Oriented Policing
Examine the various methods of resource allocation.
a) Personnel: Personnel are the most expensive part of a police department's budget. b) Vehicles: Metropolitan vs. Rural
Describe undercover operations, including undercover drug investigations
a) Police Undercover Operation: A covert investigation involving plainclothes officers. b) Federal Undercover Investigations: generally include efforts at detecting and arresting people involved in political corruption, insurance fraud, labor. racketeering, and other types of organized consp1racytype crimes. c) Drug Undercover Investigations: Drug enforcement is a priority in law enforcement and a vital part of the law enforcement mission. Drugs contribute to a myriad of social problems and quality-of-life issues in communities. There is a strong correlation between drugs and criminal activity and acts of violence. Almost everyone knows someone who has had their life impacted in some way by drugs.
Identify and discuss the causes of police suicide and how officer suicide affects an agency.
a) Police have a higher suicide rate than the general population which is believed to be associated with several factors including the police culture, police personality, and high levels of stress in combination with their view of self.
Describe the historical roots, including influential persons, commissions and committees, of American Law Enforcement and its impact on today's policing practices.
a) Praetorian Guard- 1st Police Officers- Ancient Rome b) Vigiles- Began as firefighters but eventually also given law enforcement duties: Firefighters and Police today still work closely together c) Modern Policing began in France in 14th Century
Identify the primary and secondary goals and objectives of policing.
a) Primary Goals and Objectives i) Maintaining Order ii) Protecting Life and Property b) Secondary Goals and Objectives i) Preventing crime ii) Arresting and prosecuting offenders iii) Recovering stolen and missing property iv) Assisting the sick and injured v) Enforcing noncriminal regulations vi) Delivering services not available elsewhere in the community
Identify and discuss the methods used by law enforcement for investigating terrorism.
a) Proactive Methods- These methods include ongoing and coordinated planning, intelligence gathering, and investigating activity by various agencies. b) Reactive Methods- i) Response to the Incident ii) Crime Scene Processing and Analysis iii) Following up on Leads and Tips iv) Use of Informants v) Surveillance
Identify, through exploration of case law, current standard police procedures in arrests.
a) Probable Cause- Evidence that may lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been committed and that a certain person committed it. b) Reasonable Suspicion- The standard of proof that is necessary for police officers to conduct stops and frisks. c) Reasonable and Deadly Force in Making Arrests- The amount of force an officer can use when making an arrest. d) Police Traffic Stops
Describe the roles and responsibilities ("Mission") of the various law enforcement agencies and their agents.
a) Protect life and property b) Civil Rights c) Maintain order d) Community Caretaker e) Crimefighter
Describe the traditional methods of doing police work and their effectiveness.
a) Random routine patrol- Officers driving around a designated geographic area. b) Rapid response to citizens' calls to 911- Officers being dispatched to calls immediately, regardless of the type of call. c) Retroactive investigation of past crimes by detectives- The follow-up investigation of crimes by detectives that occurs after a crime has been reported.
Describe the police training process for new officers.
a) Recruit Training b) The Police Academy c) Field Training d) Probationary Period e) Firearms Training f) In-Service, Management, and Specialized Training
Discuss the current debate on community policing.
a) Research on the effectiveness of community-oriented policing has yielded mixed results.
Describe the status of community policing today.
a) Resident Officer Programs: The Ultimate in Community Policing? b) resident officer programs- Programs through which officers live in particular communities to strengthen relations between the police and the community c) Coffee with a Cop A program designed to bring police officers together with members of the community over a cup of coffee to discuss issues and get to know each other. d) Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) e) Police Athletic League (PAL) f) Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT)
Discuss special operations employed by departments around the country.
a) SWAT Teams and Paramilitary Units b) K-9 Units
Explain the process of implementing problem solving policing. (SARA)
a) Scanning: Identifying the neighborhood crime and disorder problems b) Analysis: Understanding the conditions that cause the problems to occur c) Response: Developing and implementing solutions d) Assessment: Determining the impact of the solutions
Identify the requirements for a search warrant.
a) Search Warrant- A written order, based on probable cause and signed by a judge, authorizing police to search a specific person, place, or property to obtain evidence. b) Exemptions to the search warrant requirement i) Incident to a lawful arrest ii) Field Interrogations or Terry stop- Unplanned questioning of an individual who has aroused the suspicions of an officer. iii) Consent Searches iv) Plain View v) Abandoned Property vi) Inventory vii) Open Fields viii) Carroll doctrine- Automobiles ix) Border Searches x) Good Faith xi) Exigent Circumstances- One of the major exceptions to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment. Exigency may be defined as "emergency." (1) To prevent escape (2) To prevent harm to the officers or others (3) To prevent the destruction of evidence (4) While in hot pursuit of a criminal suspect (5) To render immediate aid to a person in need of assistance92
Discuss the state of current law regarding search and seizure.
a) Search and Seizure-Legal concept relating to the search for and confiscation of evidence by the police. b) Castle Doctrine- Reflects the English common law practice that a person's home is his or her castle; codified in the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. c) Canine Sniffs- The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently ruled that canine sniffs by a trained drug dog are not actual searches and seizures controlled by the Fourth Amendment.
List the major uses of computers in police Departments today and discuss some of the controversy surrounding their implementation
a) St. Louis, MO was the first to have a computer system for police department. b) Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD)- System that allows almost immediate communication between the police dispatcher and police units in the field c) MDT- A device put into a police vehicle that allows the electronic transmission of messages between the police dispatcher and the officer in the field. d) Cell Phones- United States v. Wurie/ Riley v. California- Higher expectation of privacy for the digital information in the cell phone as opposed to the physical device. e) IP Telephony- communications techniques, products, and services that facilitate communication across diverse systems. f) Voiceover IP (VoIP)- Not associated with a telephone line but an IP address for telephone services. g) Reverse 911- A way for police to communicate to the community on a large scale using telephone technology in an emergency or serious situation. h) Computer-Aided Investigation (Computer-Aided Case Management)- i) The use of computers to perform case management and other functions in investigations. j) Computer-Aided Instruction- k) Using computers in training officer such as Firearms Training Systems (FATS). l) Administrative Uses of Computers m) Clerical tasks, Management Information Systems, Automated Clerical Processing Systems, Jail and Prisoner Management, Patrol allocated Design n) Computer Networks and the Internet o) Mobile Technology: Ex. License Plate Recognition (LPR) Technology
Explain how the events of the 1960's and 1970's influenced American policing, identify four events or people instrumental in the development of American policing, and explain the significance of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration.
a) Supreme Court Decisions b) Civil Right Movement c) Police Response to Civil Disobedience d) Anti-Vietnam War Demonstrations e) Campus Disorders f) Urban Riots
identify examples of how modern technology has changed police surveillance practices.
a) Surveillance Vans b) Vehicle Tracking Systems c) Night Vision Devices d) Global Positioning Systems e) Surveillance Aircraft f) Drones g) Electronic Video Surveillance h) Cell Phone Technology and Searches
Describe the differences between sworn and nonsworn or civilian police department members and explain the benefits of civilianization in policing.
a) Sworn police officers are certified to enforce criminal laws and swear an oath of office. b) Civilian staff provide Cost Saving opportunities, Provide noncritical or nonenforcement functions, and recruitment opportunities.
Describe alternative strategies in use to better combat certain types of crime.
a) Tactical Operations: use of traditional patrol operations in a more aggressive manner. i) Aggressive Patrol ii) Saturation Patrol iii) Crackdown b) Specialized Policing Responses to Individuals with Mental Illness i) CIT ii) Radar c) Decoy Vehicles d) Alternative Vehicle Deployment
Define terrorism, including threats posed to the United States both internationally and domestically
a) Terrorism-Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets. b) Domestic Terrorism- Terrorism committed by citizens of the United States in the United States.
Describe how the Bill of Rights and the U.S. Supreme Court regulate the actions of the police and discuss the changing philosophy of the U.S. Supreme Court regarding arrests, search and seizure, warrant requirements, custodial interrogation, and identification procedures.
a) The Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment i) First 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution ii) Due Process b) The Role of the Supreme Court in Regulating the Police i) Judicial Review (1) Process by which actions of the police in areas such as arrests. search and seizure, and custodial interrogations are reviewed by the court system to ensure their constitutionality. c) The Exclusionary Rule- Fruit of the Poisonous Tree
Explain how the Federal Government has influenced and supported community policing.
a) The Crime Bill- The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, signed by President Clinton in 1994. b) Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) c) Officer Next Door (ONO)- A plan initiated in 1997 allowing police officers to receive 50 percent discounts and low-cost loans to purchase homes in "distressed" areas nationwide. It is now under the umbrella Good Neighbor Next Door program. which also includes teachers, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians.
Describe the activities of a detective in a police agency.
a) The Investigative Process i) Preliminary Investigation- Patrol ii) Field Notes iii) Incident Report b) What Detectives Do: According to police tradition, a detective or investigator re-interviews the victim of the crime and any witnesses, collects evidence, and processes or oversees the processing of the crime scene (searches the scene of a crime for physical evidence, collects the evidence, and forwards it to the police laboratory for analysis). The detective or investigator also conducts canvasses (searches areas for witnesses), interrogates possible suspects, arrests the alleged perpetrator, and prepares the case, with the assistance of the district attorney's or prosecutor's office, for presentation in court. The Detective Mystique- is the idea that detective work is as glamorous, exciting, and dangerous as it is depicted in the movies and on television. In reality, however, detectives spend most of their time filling out reports
Describe the findings of the Kansas City patrol study.
a) The Kansas City patrol study was the first attempt to actually test the effectiveness of random routine patrol. i) 1 year long ii) 15 Patrol Beats iii) Control iv) Reactive v) Preventive b) When the Kansas City study was finished, the researchers concluded, "Decreasing or increasing routine preventive patrol within the range tested in [the] experiment had no effect on crime, citizen fear of crime, community attitudes toward the police on the delivery of police service, police response time, or traffic accidents.
Outline the regional differences in American Policing that characterized the colonial period.
a) The North- i) Night Watch ii) Sheriff iii) Town Marshall b) The South i) Formal system of social control ii) Patrol System iii) Slave codes enforced
Discuss custodial interrogation and Miranda.
a) The Path to Miranda i) Brown v. Mississippi (1936)- End of the Third Degree ii) McNabb-Mallory rule (1957)- Prompt Arraignment Rule iii) Escobedo v. lllinois (1964)- Attorney Consultation iv) Miranda v. Arizona (1966)-Police Must Advise Suspect of Rights b) The Miranda Ruling- i) Custodial Interrogation c) The Erosion of Miranda- Multiple Court Decisions in the 1970's and 1980's providing exceptions to the Miranda Ruling and its applicability d) The Dickerson Ruling and Beyond e) Miranda cannot be overruled by an act of congress
Discuss the challenges various populations including the aging population, youth, crime victims, victims of domestic violence, the mentally ill, and the homeless- face when interacting with the police.
a) The Physically Challenged b) The Aging Population c) Young People d) Crime Victims e) Victims of Domestic Violence f) The Mentally Ill g) The Homeless
Summarize the historical and current use of DNA profiling in Policing.
a) The Science of DNA b) History of DNA in U.S. Courts- c) Frye Test- The standard for admitting new scientific evidence into U.S. Courts based on the decision Frye v. United States (1923). New science will not be accepted into court until it is generally accepted by the general scientific discipline in which it belongs. d) Current Technology e) DNA Databases- f) Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) g) National DNA Index System (NDIS) h) Other Current DNA Issues i) Backlog ii) Contamination iii) Cold Hits iv) DNA Storage v) DNA Warrants vi) DNA Dragnets vii) Familial DNA Searches viii) Exonerations- Innocence Project ix) Use in Property Crimes
Discuss the special problems that must be dealt with in organizing a police department that operates 7 days a week, 24 hours a day.
a) The Three-Tour System b) Tour Length: 8 Hours, 10 Hours, 12 Hours c) Tour Conditions d) Steady (Fixed) Tours
Summarize the regional differences in American policing that characterized the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
a) The Urban Experience- Primary role to serve in law enforcement role at direction of politician in charge at the time and performing other social services such as street cleaning, inspections, and caring for the poor and homeless. Viewed by public as "political hacks" a tradition of conflict began in which citizens resisted will of police and police responded with brute force. b) The Southern Experience- Maintained Public Order, Upheld White Supremacy, First large organized police forces c) The Frontier Experience- Sheriff (Elected), Tax Collection, Enforcing Court Orders, Posse, Town Marshal (Appointed), Federal Marshal, i) State- Texas Rangers, Arizona Rangers, New Mexico Mounted Patrol, ii) Private Police- Railroads
Describe the standards in the police selection process and explain the arguments for and against requiring higher education for police officers.
a) The belief behind the support for college education is that educated officers will be better equipped to serve in today's dynamic and challenging environment, promote the department's professional image and reputation, and minimize costs and negative publicity resulting from disciplinary issues. These officers will also be comfortable in the community policing atmosphere, which encourages critical-thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills.9 As police officers confront complex social issues and, in this era of community policing, are expected to be problem solvers rather than reactive agents, higher education is valuable. College-educated officers will be better able to understand and analyze cultural issues and societal problems and communicate about these with the community and government leaders. b) As part of the debate against requiring higher education in the police force, a recent concern for law enforcement agencies is the ability to have an adequate applicant pool from which to select their candidates. Administrators believe that the higher the education requirement, the smaller their applicant pool will be. There is also a concern for possibly discriminating against minorities when a higher education requirement is imposed. Department administrators are in a quandary as they strive to have both a large, diverse, and high-quality applicant pool and a highly educated police force
Identify state and local law enforcement efforts to enhance homeland security.
a) Training and Awareness b) Fusion Center- An organization composed of individuals from various federal, state, county, and municipal law enforcement agencies in an area. These individuals facilitate the gathering and sharing of intelligence information and the evaluation of this information. The primary goal of these organizations is in the area of homeland security.
Describe how U.S. crime statistics are measured and analyzed.
a) Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). b) National Crime Victimization Study c) Bureau of Justice Statistics
Describe police traffic operations, including efforts against distracted, drunk, and aggressive drivers, and the debate surrounding police pursuits.
a) Video Camera Traffic Enforcement i) Red Light Cameras b) The Challenge of Distracted Drivers c) Efforts Against Drunk Drivers and Impaired Drivers d) Fighting Aggressive Driving e) Police Automobile Pursuits It starts as a traffic violation. • It occurs at night. • It covers only a mile or so. • It takes approximately two minutes to resolve. • It involves at least two police cars. • It ends when the pursued driver stops his or her vehicle. • It results in the apprehension of more than three-fourths of the pursued drivers. • It ends without an accident 70 percent of the time
a) August Vollmer b) O.W. Wilson c) Raymond Blaine Fosdick d) Bruce Smith e) John Edgar Hoover
a) Vollmer- first police chief of Berkeley California and began advancing policing in its use of technology, training and, most importantly, education. "father of modern law enforcement" b) Wilson- leader in policing who believed that preventive patrol and rapid response to calls would be effective, creating a sense of police omnipresence among criminals. c) Fosdick-American lawyer, public administrator and author who served as the president of the Rockefeller Foundation; also studied police administration d) Smith- created Uniform Crime Reporting e) Hoover- was director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for 48 years, reshaping that organization from a small, relatively weak arm of the federal government's executive branch into a highly effective investigative agency.
Explain the different definitions of police operational styles and how they address the major goals and objectives of policing.
a) Wilson and Muir, Siegel and Senna: i) Crime fighters investigate serious crimes and apprehend criminals. ii) Social agents perform a wide range of activities without regard for their connection to law enforcement. iii) Law enforcers enforce the law "by the book." iv) Watchmen maintain public order. b) Broderick i) Enforcers maintain order on their beat, keep society safe, and protect society by arresting criminals. ii) Idealists are similar to enforcers but place a higher value on individual rights and the adherence to due process as required by the U.S. Constitution. iii) Realists concentrate their efforts on the concept of police loyalty and the mutual support of their fellow officers; they put relatively low emphasis on both social order and individual rights. iv) Optimists place a relatively high value on individual rights and see their job as people oriented, rather than crime oriented
Identify and describe the various minority groups and the history of discrimination in policing with those groups.
a) Women b) African Americans
Discuss the effect of community policing on current policing.
a) broken windows model Theory that unrepaired broken windows indicate to others that members of the community do not care about the quality of life in the neighborhood and are unlikely to get involved; consequently, disorder and crime will thrive. b) Community policing is an approach toward crime that addresses the underlying causes of crime and endeavors to apply long-term problem solving to the issue through improved police community partnerships and communication.
Define human relations, public relations, and community relations.
a) human relations- Everything done with each other as human beings in all kinds of relationships. b) police public relations- Activities performed by police agencies designed to create a favorable image of themselves. c) police-community relations- The relationships involved in both human relations and public relations between the police and the community.
Describe the philosophy and genesis of the current corporate strategies of community policing and problem-solving policing.
a) strategic policing Involves a continued reliance on traditional policing operations. b) community policing Philosophy of empowering citizens and developing a partnership between the police and the community to work together to solve problems. c) problem-solving policing Analyzing crime issues to determine the underlying problems and addressing those problems
What was there before modern policing, which began in England in the 19th Century?
b) Magistrates c) Mutual Pledge d) Tithings (10 Families) e) Hundred- 100 Families f) Constable g) Shires h) Shire-reeve- like sheriffs i) Hue and Cry- called for help j) Watch and Ward k) Thief Takers- early versions of bounty hunters l) Bow Street Runners m) Peel's Police
Describe the characteristics of a good police officer and the typical selection process most police departments use to identify and select qualified police officers.
i) Integrity ii) Service orientation iii) Empathy iv) Communication and human relations skills v) Self-control vi) Team orientation vii) Problem-solving skill
Explain public attitudes regarding the police and efforts undertaken around the nation to improve public perceptions
the public right now has a lot of dislike towards the police because of a lack of trust so police are trying their best to gain that trust back with the community
