cell bio 4
17) What are the route a secretory protein will follow from its production to its secretion outside the cell?
rough ER, ER vesicle, Golgi complex, secretory vesicle
9) How the eukaryotic cells are believed to have arisen?
By mitochondria and chloroplasts entering eukaryotic cells
37)Prokaryotes have ________ ribosomes with ________ and ________ subunits, whereas eukaryotes have ________ ribosomes with ________ and ________ subunits.
C) 70S, 50S, 30S; 80S, 60S, 40S
7) The relationship between the size of a cell increases and the surface area/volume ratio
decreases.
64) What is the name of Golgi apparatus in Plant Biology?
dictysome
24) What are the major structural elements of the cytoskeleton are
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
20) Write a statement on lysosomes?
the lysosome may mature from a late endosome
31) Why viruses are important in the study of cell biology?
they provide simple systems that can be used to manipulate and investigate the functions of cells
52) Several biology students have just returned from a field trip in which they were asked to collect prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The eukaryotic organisms were to be divided into plant cells, animal cells, or "other." The students have access to a light and electron microscope. Can you suggest how they could determine whether these cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic? How could they distinguish plant from animal cells?
The students should list various criteria that distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes. These include differences in size and structure and the presence or absence of nuclei and organelles. Both plants and animals are multicellular. Plants can be distinguished from animals by the presence of a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole. Animals possess lysosomes and centrioles and have no cell wall. "Others" (fungi, protozoa, and algae) would not necessarily fit these criteria.
61) Name any peroxisomal disorder disease in human.
ZELLWEGER SPECTRUM
15) Functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lipids production
23) What are Intermediate filaments?
they provide mechanical strength to cells and tissues
4) What is the size range of most plant and animal cells is
10-50 um
41) Ribosomal subunits are referred to by number and letter combinations (e.g., 70S). The "S" refers to ________.
Svedberg units
33) Why the archaea more like eukaryotes than the bacteria?
The Archaea are similar to eubacteria in morphology and genome organization (e.g. densely packed genes on circular chromosomes, operon organization, plasmids, operon organization)
3) What was the first organic molecules on earth Stanley Miller in the 1950s Experiments demonstrated?
could have formed abiotically in a reducing atmosphere containing hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water vapor.
48) The ________ is comprised of the semifluid portion of the cell and contains the organelles.
cytoplasm
58) Differentiate between primary and secondary cell wall in plant
primay cell wall is thinner, occurs in all plant cells,
30) What agent causes Kuru, a degenerative disease of the central nervous?
prions
51) ________ are infectious proteins that are responsible for several animal diseases, including scrapie and mad cow disease.
prions
14) Describe prions
prions causes mad cow disease
34) The extracellular matrix outside the plasma membrane of animal cells is typically composed of what?
proteins and polysaccharides
11) Functions of membrane proteins
receiving extracellular signals
13) Write down a statement on the description of cytosol.
semifluid substance in which organelles are suspended
22) What are glyoxysomes? What role does it plays in plant?
specialized perozisomes
28) Differentiate between virus and viroid.
A virus has a protein coat, a viroid doesn't, a cirus is larger and a viroid is smaller, a viroid infects only plants
2) The methanobacteria, halobacteria, and sulfobacteria are included in which domain?
Archaea
57) Name an envelope virus
Herpes
53) Are viruses living organisms? Defend your answer based on the properties of life.
No, i believe they are not living because virus do not have membrane bound organelles, and do not grow.
10) What would be attributed to a peroxisomal dysfunction?
accumulation of a very long chain fatty acid
43) Tubulin is to microtubules as ________ is to microfilaments.
actin
45) The ________ are prokaryotes that resemble bacteria in size and cell division but are more similar to eukaryotes in DNA replication, transcription, RNA processing, and protein synthesis.
archaea
62) In what cells of animals peroxisomes are especially prominent?
blood cells
29) What fundamental properties of life do viruses not possess?
both choices A and B
44) Photosynthesis is to the chloroplast as ________ is to the mitochondrion.
cellular respiration
42) Collagen fibers are to the extracellular matrix as ________ is to the cell wall.
cellulose
5) Organeller differences between plant and animal cell.
chloroplasts
49) The similarity of mitochondria and chloroplasts to bacterial cells led to the development of the ________, which proposes that these organelles are derived from bacteria.
endosymbiont theory
26) How communication between animal cells is facilitated?
gap junctions
16) What are the processes would be most likely to occur in the Golgi complex?
glycosylation of proteins
25) Where can you find lignin?
in the cell wall
47) The region within the prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located is known as the ________.
nucleoid
50) ________ are infectious RNAs that are responsible for diseases in several crop plants.
viroids
1) What are the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles with a nucleus, and are large, while prokaryotic cells are small and do not have membrane-bound organelles. eukaryotic cells can also reproduce asexually by mitosis, while prokaryotic cells cannot. the DNA in the prokaryote is not separated from the rest of the cell's contents, while the eukaryotic cell's DNA is enclosed by a true nucleus surrounded by a membrane.
60) Peroxisomes are associated with what organelles of the cell?
chloroplasts
19) A protein is destined to be secreted from a cell. In which organelle would you expect to find the protein just after it is produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
golgi apparatus
27) What are the main role of the central vacuole in plant cells?
helps in maintaining the plants structural integrity, and acts as storage for salts, nutrients, pigments, minerals and proteins
8) If the surface area of a cell increases by a factor of 100, by what factor the volume of that cell will increase?
increase by a factor of 1000
40) The pathway that a secretory protein takes from inside to outside is: rough endoplasmic reticulum, ________, Golgi complex, ________, outside the cell.
lysosomes, cell membrane
35) Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from ancient bacteria. Which characteristics of a free-living bacteria have mitochondria lost over time?
motility
18) What organelles are the part of the endomembrane system?
nuclear envelope, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane
21) Which of the organelles has only a single membrane around it?
peroxisome
12) What are the components of a cell membrane?
phospholipids, transport proteins, enzymes, glycoproteins (not proteoglycans)
46) As a cell increases in size, volume increases faster than surface area because surface area is proportional to the ________ of the linear dimension of the cell, but volume is proportional to the ________ of the linear dimension.
square, cube
38) The matrix is to the mitochondrion as the ________ is to the chloroplast.
stroma
36) What are functions of chromoplast?
synthesis and accumulation of carotenoid pigments