Cell structure and function study guide

Nucleus

membrane- enclosed organelle in most eukaryotic cells. The largest organelle in the cell and contains most of the genetic information.( eukaryotic cells)

Nucleolus

non- membrane bound organelle found in the nucleus of many cells and is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. ( eukaryotic cells)

Mitochondrion

power plants (powerhouse) of the cell, as these organelles are where most of the cell's energy is produced. Cells that need a lot of energy have a mitochondria.(all eukaryotic)

Ribosomes

structure found in all cells that is the site of protein synthesis. Produce and folding proteins.(all life)

cell membrane

thin coat of phospholipids that surrounds a cell and controls what enters and leaves the cell. (all life)

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion out of the cell, or for use within the cell. (all eukaryotic)

How are prokaryotic cells similar to eukaryotic cells?

Both have cytoplasms, both have plasma membranes, both have chromosomes to carry the genes, both have ribosomes which make genes to carry the proteins.

Other than the nucleus, what two other organelles contain DNA?

DNA is also found in the mitochondria. This type of DNA is called mitochondrial DNA. It can also be present in chloroplasts.

Rough ER

ER with ribosomes embedded on the surface. It is involved with the production, folding, quality control and despatch of some proteins. (all eukaryotic)

Where does gas transport happen in the human respiratory system?

Gas exchange takes place in the millions of alveoli in the lungs and the capillaries that envelop them.Inhaled oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood in the capillaries, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries to the air in the alveoli.

Recognize what kinds of molecules should be able to get through the phospholipid bilayer and what kinds of molecules would have to use a protein channel.

Hydrophobic can easily pass through the membrane while hydrophilic can not pass through without help. This is because they have a water loving like the exterior of the membrane, and therefore excluded from the interior of the membrane. Peripheral proteins can easily pass through the membrane. Anything small and non polar can pass through membrane with no problem. Charged Ions and polar and stuff like sugar go through protein channel and protein pump (ATP)

Using an example of a cell in sugar solution, explain what is meant by a hypertonic solution and an isotonic solution. Under what conditions is a cell in a hypotonic solution?

If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane, then that solution is hypotonic to the cell.

centrioles

In animal cells. Barrel- shaped, paired organelles in the cytoplasm of animal cells. They organise microtubes that serve as the cell's skeletal system. (some life)

Chloroplasts

In plant cells. Organelle if photosynthesis. Captures light from the sun and uses it with water and carbon dioxide to make food/ sugar for the plant. (some life)

Smooth ER

Is ER without ribosomes embedded on its surface it synthesis lipids, phospholipids as in the plasma membrane, and steroids. It focuses more on lipids than the rough ER. ( all eukaryotic)

Vacuole

Membrane- bound organelles that have secretory, excretory, and storage functions. OR: large sac-like organelles that stores and transports materials inside the cell. (all eukaryotic)

Use an example to describe the relationship among cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.

Neuron- nervous tissue- brain- nervous system Skeletal muscle cell- skeletal muscle tissue- muscle- muscular system

Lysosomes

Organelle in eukaryotic cells that uses enzymes to break down molecules so their components can be recycled. (all eukaryotic)

Describe the process of diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion.

Osmosis: The process of water traveling through a semipermeable membrane. This could be a cell membrane. Diffusion: the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down the concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion: the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane

What type of cell carries oxygen around the body? What protein is responsible for carrying the oxygen?

Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body. Hemoglobin. The protein hemoglobin is a molecule which is responsible for carrying almost all of the oxygen in the blood.

Summarize the contribution made to the cell theory by Robert Hooke, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow.

Robert Hooke: The invention of the microscope which led to discovering cell Matthias Schledien: All plant tissues are composed of cells and that an embryonic plant arose from a single cell. Theodor Schwann: All plant and animal tissues are composed of cells, and within an individual organism all the cells are identical. Rudolf Virchow: Cells are formed from the division of pre-existing cells.

How much oxygen is in the air we breathe in? How much carbon dioxide is breathed out?

The amount of inhaled air contains 21% of oxygen and 0.04% of carbon dioxide, while the air we breathe out contains 16.4% of oxygen and 4.4% of carbon dioxide.

Describe the structure of the cell membrane. How does the cell membrane effect the contents of the cell?

The cell membrane is a barrier between the cytoplasm inside the cell and the environment outside. It affects the contents of the cell because it only allows certain substances to pass through while keeping others out.

What does the cell theory teach us about the cell? Why is it important?

The cell theory teaches us that all living things are composed of one or more cells; that the cell is the basic unit of life; and new cells arise from existing cells. This is important because it teaches us about the foundation of life and how humans are built.

Name and describe 2 structures that make up the cytoskeleton.

The cytoskeleton is used to help cells maintain their shape and internal organization.

DNA

double- stranded nucleic acid that stores genetic info; also known as deoxyribonucleic acid. (all life)

cytoskeleton

helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization. Its structure fills the cytoplasm. (all eukaryotic)