Cellular Adaptation and Repair

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which type of atrophy is caused by a loss of blood supply (ex: brain or heart atrophy due to atherosclerosis)

ischemic atrophy

surface epithelial cells, crypt cells of gut mucosa, seminiferous germ cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and endometrium are example of what cell type

labile cells

which cells normally divide actively to replace continually lost cells

labile cells

cells of the body are divided into what 3 groups according to their regenerative capacity

labile, stable, permanent

what type of skin wound is a tear

laceration

what property of collagen decreases the size of a scar in stage 4 of scar formation

contraction

the pathogenesis of hypertrophy involves an increased amount of _______ and increased number of cytoplasmic __________ (ex: myofilaments in muscle fibers, synthetic apparatus in secretory cells)

cytoplasm, organelles

the pathogenesis of atrophy involves a decrease in the amount of ________ and number of cytoplasmic ___________ and increased number of ____________

cytoplasm, organelles, autophagic vacuoles

in atrophy resistant debris accumulates in the cytoplasm...an example of this is

lipofuscin

a foreign body, necrotic tissue, extensive blood, infection, abscess formation, abnormal blood supply, ischemia, and impaired venous drainage are examples of what type of defective wound healing

local factors

decrease in secretion of hormones or high doses of corticosteroids are examples of what type of atrophy

loss of endocrine stimulation

the mechanism through which there is an adaptive replacement of cells that are sensitive to stress by more resistant ones (reversible)

metaplasia

the replacement of one adult mature cell type by another cell type is known as

metaplasia

deposition of calcium salts in normal tissue due to hypercalcemia is known as (common in blood vessels, kidneys, lungs, and stomach)

metastatic calcification

vitamin D intoxication, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and bone tumors are common causes of

metastatic calcification

healing by 2nd intention is similar to first intention but it needs ________ time, _______ granulation tissue, and forms a ________ scar

more, more, bigger

the first step of scar formation is preparation of the area by removal of

necrotic tissue

which type of cellular adaption may occur without known stimulus, is irreversible, and has abnormal cells in malignant cases

neoplasia

which type of atrophy is caused by lack of nutrition

nutritional atrophy

replacement of lost tissue by scar formation is which type of repair

organization

what type of metaplasia occurs in scars and areas of muscle trauma

osseous metaplasia

what are the 2 types of metaplasia that occur in mesenchymal tissue

osseous metaplasia and calcium deposition

hormonal stimulation like in acromegaly due to the increased secretion of growth hormone is which type of hypertrophy

pathological

increased functional demand like in the left ventricle of hypertensive patients is which type of hypertrophy

pathological

a gross appearance of fine white (or yellow) granules or clumps in soft tissues is known as

pathological calcification

a microscopic appearance of basophilic amorphous granular material and lamellate appearance of several layers (psammoma bodies) is seen in

pathological calcification

psammoma bodies are associated with what cellular adaptation

pathological calcification

endometrium growth due to increased estrogen stimulation and adrenal gland growth due to increased secretion of ACTH are examples of

pathological hyperplasia

what cell type has no capacity for mitotic division in post-natal life (ex: neurons and myocardial cells)

permanent cells

hormonal stimulation like in the uterine muscles during pregnancy is which type of hypertrophy

physiologic

increased functional demand like in striated muscles of a muscle builder is which type of hypertrophy

physiologic

growth of liver cells following a partial hepatectomy is an example of

physiologic compensatory hyperplasia

growth of the epithelium of the female breast at puberty is an example of

physiologic hormonal hyperplasia

atrophy of the umbilical vessels and ductus arteriosus after birth, thymus after puberty, and ovaries, uterus and breast after menopause are examples of what type of atrophy

physiological atrophy

which growth factor involved in wound healing causes proliferation of fibroblasts

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

which type of atrophy occurs in the skin and subcutaneous tissue over the sacrum in patients with prolonged bed rest (bed sores)

pressure atrophy

healing by first intention is also known as

primary union

during the growth of highly vascularized connective tissue in scar formation, fibroblasts are stimulated to __________ and ___________ collagen, elastic and reticular fibers, extracellular matrix, formation of actin and myosin, and filaments

proliferate, secrete

stable cells heal with ______ or ________

regeneration (if enough viable cells remain intact) or scar formation

labile cells heal with ________ only

regeneration (resolution)

replacement of injured cells by new parenchymal cells of the same type by division of adjacent ones is what type of repair

regeneration (resolution)

what are the 2 types of repair

regeneration (resolution) and organization

injury to tissue with permanent cells is always followed by ___________ (no regeneration is possible, irreversible)

scar formation

permanent cells heal with _______ only

scar formation

repair by connective tissue is also known as

scar formation

in healing by first intention, cells of the dermis heal by

scar formation (initially pink but turns white)

healing by second intention is also known as

secondary union

what type of metaplasia occurs in atheromas and bronchial cartilage

calcium deposition

the pathological features of dysplasia are: 1: increased rate of __________ (numerous mitotic figures) 2: loss of _________ of cells 3: loss of epithelial ________ 4: increase in size and chromatin content of the _________

cellular multiplication, uniformity, polarity, nucleus

in healing by first intention the small gap in the dermis and epidermis filled with _______________ forming a scab that seals the wound opening

clotted blood

the second step of scar formation is growth of _________________ connective tissue from the surrounding healthy tissue

highly vascularized

what are the 3 types of physiological hyperplasia

hormonal, compensatory, antigenic

when corticosteroids are applied topically leading to skin atrophy it is known as

hormone induced atrophy

the adaptive response to increased functional demand of tissue made of labile or stable cells (can divide) is known as

hyperplasia

the increased size of an organ or tissue as a result of an increased number of component cells is known as

hyperplasia

what type of cellular adaptation has a known stimulus, is reversible, and the cells look normal

hyperplasia

the increased size of a tissue or organ due to increased size of individual cells is known as

hypertrophy

what is the adaptive response to an increased functional demand of tissues made up of permanent cells (cannot divide)

hypertrophy

what 2 modes of cellular adaptation occur together in the myometrium during pregnancy due to estrogen stimulation

hypertrophy and hyperplasia

what type of skin wound is a cut

incision

skin wound types where both the epidermis and dermis are involved but healing is rapid (1st intention) and there is no infection, no foreign material, and minimal tissue loss

incision (cut) and laceration (tear)

during scar formation, over time collagen content progressively ______ whereas capillaries and fibroblasts ________

increases, decrease

stable cells remain in the ____________ phase for long periods while retaining their capacity to enter the mitotic cycle when needed

intermitotic

tensile strength of a young scar is first ____ % that of normal skin, increases to ____ % after 1 month and to _____ % after 4 months

10, 50, 80

clean wounds (surgical incisions) with edges in close apposition, non-infected, and having minimal tissue loss are healed by

1st intention (primary union)

in healing by first intention the cells of the basal layer at the edges of the wound begin to divide providing a continuity of the epidermis in _________ hours

24-48

wounds characterized by extensive necrosis, secondary infection, gaping, and inflammation heal by

2nd intention (secondary union)

which growth factors involved in wound healing are chemotactic for fibroblasts and cause increased collagen synthesis (fibrogenic cytokines)

IL-1 and TNF

the adaptive response to a decrease in the body's requirement for the function of a certain cell or tissue

atrophy

decrease in the size of a cell by loss of cell substance leading to decreased metabolic and functional activity

atrophy of cell

decrease in the size of an organ due to either decrease in the size or number of component cells

atrophy of organ

what type of skin wound is a scrape

abrasion

skin wound type with removal of the superficial part of epidermis that maintains an intact basal cell layer (labile cells) capable of regenerating the epithelium without scarring

abrasion (scrape)

high doses of corticosteroids lead to atrophy of which gland

adrenal

brain atrophy in senile dementia is an example of which type of atrophy

aging atrophy

bed sores (commonly caused by pressure atrophy) are also known as

decubitus ulcers

which type of atrophy is caused by a loss of innervation

denervation atrophy

what type of defective wound healing is caused by decreased blood supply (atherosclerosis) and increased susceptibility to infection (due to glucose level in blood)

diabetes mellitus

which type of atrophy is caused by decreased function (skeletal muscle and bones in immobilized fractured limb)

disuse atrophy

prolonged irritation, prolonged inflammation, and carcinogenics are common causes of

dysplasia

what is an abnormality in maturation and differentiation of epithelium (premalignant condition)

dysplasia

atherosclerosis, necrotic tissue, and heart valves in rheumatic fever are examples of

dystrophic calcification

deposition of calcium salts in dead or dying tissue (normal serum calcium level) is

dystrophic calcification

what is the inherited disease involving a deficiency of enzymes involved in collagen synthesis leading to abnormal collagen, impaired wound healing, increased elasticity of skin (rubber man), easy bruisability, and hyperextensibility of joints

ehlers-danlos syndrome

which growth factor involved in wound healing causes proliferation of epidermal cells and fibroblasts

epidermal growth factor (EGF)

which cause of defective wound healing results in nodular masses of collagen (keloids) at the site of skin injury, common in blacks, familial tendency

excessive collagen production

what type of defective wound healing interferes with phagocytosis, decreases arachidonic acid metabolites (phospholipase) , and impairs collagen synthesis

excessive levels of corticosteroids

deficiency of protein, vitamin C, or zinc causes what type of defective wound healing

failure of synthesis of collagen fibers

ehlers-danlos syndrome is an example of what type of defective wound healing

failure of synthesis of collagen fibers

during the growth of highly vascularized connective tissue in scar formation, what promotes angiogenesis and is chemotactic to fibroblasts

fibronectin

which growth factor involved in wound healing is used for angiogenesis (new vessel formation) and is chemotactic to fibroblasts

fibronectin

what is it called when there is a replacement of the normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus with mucous-secreting epithelium in reflux esophagitis (hiatal hernia)

glandular metaplasia

in stage 3 of scar formation, the granulation tissue is _________________________ because of numerous capillaries

soft, fleshy, and deep red

during the growth of highly vascularized connective tissue in scar formation, endothelial cells proliferate as ___________ and become canalized into new capillaries

solid buds

what is it called when there is a replacement of the normal columnar ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract with stratified squamous epithelium (smokers)

squamous metaplasia

parenchymal cells of solid organs (liver, lung, alveoli, renal tubules, pancreas) and mesenchymal cells (osteoblast, chondrocytes, fibroblast, endothelial cells) are examples of what cell type

stable cells

which cell type have a long life span and very slow rates of division

stable cells

in scar formation, the increased formation and changing type of collagen (3 to 1) causes

strengthening

which growth factor involved in wound healing stimulates fibroblast mitosis

thrombin

decreased secretion of pituitary trophic hormones leads to atrophy of which glands

thyroid, adrenal, and gonads

skin wound type involving loss of large areas of epidermis and necrosis of underlying dermis where a phase of inflammation precedes the repair (2nd intention)

wounds with epidermal effect

what type of skin wound are burns and crush injuries

wounds with epidermal effect


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