Cellular Respiration

Check all that apply as characteristics of brown adipose tissue.

-A major site of thermogenesis by inhibiting the production of ATP, so more fats are hydrolyzed to produce ATP -Abundant in newborns -Produces a unique uncoupling protein -Mostly found in the supraclavicular area

An individual who was previously sedentary decides to train for a 5-mile race. Over the course of several weeks, his running feels much easier and he is able to run for longer periods of time before experiencing fatigue. Which of the following cellular adaptations can explain his improvement?

-Decreased lactic acid production in skeletal muscle -Increased levels of enzymes needed for aerobic cellular respiration -Increased mitochondria in adipose cells

Which of the following is true about free radicals?

Increased free radical production may be an indication of a metabolic disease. Superoxide radical\free radicals= Oxygen molecule that contains an atom with an unpaired electron in an orbital (can be produced within mitochondria by leakage of electrons from the electron transport system) that can contain a maximum amount of two electrons. Function in normal and pathological processes are believed to contribute to many diseases by exerting an oxidative stress on the body.

In the citric acid cycle, _____ acts only as a transporter of acetic acid from one enzyme to another.

Coenzyme A

Some of the ____________ -bond energy from glucose is ____________ as heat.

chemical, lost

During the events of the electron transport chain, phosphorylation is coupled to oxidation for electron transport. Complete the following paragraph about coupling of electron transport to ATP production. According to the ____________ theory, the electron-transport system (ETS) pumps ____________ from the matrix into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane.

chemiosmotic, protons

Exergonic reactions means that ATP is

coming off of it

The ____________ complex also transports ____________ protons into the intermembrane space.

cytochrome c reductase, 4

Glycolysis occurs in the __________.

cytoplasm (anaerobic) (exergonic)

This system is powered by the transport of ____________ .

electrons

Glycolysis releases energy, so it is ____.

exergonic

In the breakdown of glucose for energy, in the last steps of the process, oxygen becomes reduced by 2 electrons that were passed to the chain from NADH and FADH2. Oxygen functions as the _____.

final electron acceptor

In the last steps of the breakdown of glucose for energy, oxygen becomes reduced by 2 electrons that were passed to the chain from NADH and FADH2. Oxygen functions as the __________.

final electron acceptor

The formation of glucose from amino acids is called _____. The process by which amino acids are converted to urea is called _____. More importantly, all organs must use _____ primarily for energy. After anaerobic exercise, lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid, which enters the ____ pathway and can be used for energy. The main substrates for gluconeogenesis are the three-carbon-long molecules of alanine, glycerol, and _____. Keto acids can be converted to amino acids by the process of _____.

gluconeogenesis; oxidative deamination; glucose; aerobic; lactic acid; transamination

Breaking down ____ requires many enzymatically catalyzed steps, the first of anaerobic.

glucose

Unlike in skeletal muscles, the liver contains an enzyme known as _____ that can remove the phosphate groups and produce free glucose.

glucose 6-phosphatase

TThe enzyme present only in the liver that allows glucose-6-phosphate to be converted into free glucose is __________.

glucose-6-phosphatase

A condition known as __________ refers to inadequate blood flow to an organ and can occur as a result of impeded blood flow to the coronary arteries. When blood flow is restricted, cardiac cells that are deprived of oxygen must shift from __________ to __________ metabolism. Lactic acid then accumulates in the myocardium and produces a pain in the chest known as __________. One treatment that needs to be administered as soon as possible involves __________, a __________ which works to restore adequate oxygen levels. Delays or absence of treatment allowing prolonged angina, indicates cardiac ischemia which can result in __________ in an area of the heart that can be referred to as an __________.

ischemia aerobic, anaerobic angina pectoris nitroglycerin, vasodilator necrosis, infarct

Excessive _____ production by skeletal muscles can be associated with pain and muscle fatigue.

lactic acid

When two hydrogen atoms are added to pyruvate, ______ is produced.

lactic acid

In the liver, the enzyme __________ converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid.

lactic acid dehydrogenase

The formation of fat, or __________ can occur in adipose tissue as well as the liver.

lipogenesis The formation of fat, or lipogenesis, occurs primarily in adipose tissue and in the liver when the concentration of blood glucose is elevated following a meal.

Lipase enzymes hydrolyze triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids in a process called ________.

lipolysis When fat stored in adipose tissue is going to be used as an energy source, lipase enzymes hydrolyze triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids in a process called lipolysis.

The reactions in the body that involve energy transformation are collectively termed __________.

metabolism

A cell that lacked __________ would only be able to produce ATP anaerobically.

mitochondria

The NADH and the hydrogen ions produced in glycolysis must become _____ in the cytoplasm by donating its electrons to pyruvic acid.

oxidized

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway in which glucose is converted into two molecules of ____.

pyruvate

The molecule formed from lactic acid, amino acids, and glycerol that can be converted into glucose is __________.

pyruvic acid

In the formation of acetyl coenzyme A in aerobic respiration, NAD is _____ to NADH.

reduced

When an amine group is transferred from one amino acid to form another this is called __________.

transamination

In the last step of the ETS, ____________ is the final electron acceptor.

O2

The process by which fatty acids from triglycerides are converted to acetyl coenzyme A is called __________.

beta-oxidation

The _____ uses blood glucose as its major source of energy.

brain

Energy transfers are less than ____________ efficient according to the ____________ Law of Thermodynamics.

100%, 2nd

Glycolysis is an exergonic process, and at the end of the pathway there is a net gain of _____ ATPs.

2

The cytochrome c oxidase complex transports ____________ protons into the space.

2

The ETS is grouped into ____________ complexes that serve as ____________ pumps.

3, proton

The actual ATP yield allowing for the costs of transport into the cytoplasm is about:

30-32

____________ reactions require the input of energy and include the synthesis of large energy-storage molecules.

Anabolic

This requires the input of energy to synthesize large molecules (endergonic)

Anabolism

What metabolic pathway is associated with muscle pain and fatigue?

Anaerobic metabolism

is the process of producing cellular energy without oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration

The pain in her arms and shoulders is probably the result of lactic acid production by the exercised skeletal muscles. However, the intense pain in her left pectoral region could be angina pectoris, caused by anaerobic metabolism of the heart. If this is the case, it would indicate that the heart became ischemic because blood flow was inadequate for the demands placed upon it. Blood tests for particular enzymes released by damaged heart muscle and an electrocardiogram (ECG) should be performed. Which of the following is most indicative of a major health concern? Asymmetric discomfort Gasping and panting after high intensity exercise Fatigue after an exercise session Pain in the shoulder

Asymmetric discomfort

All of the following occur as events of one turn of the Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle except? A) one GTP is produced that donates a phosphate to form ATP from ADP B) three molecules of NAD are reduced to NADH C) production of three molecules of CO2 D) one FAD is reduced to FADH2

C) Production of three molecules of CO2

The overall equation for aerobic respiration is ________.

C6H12O6 + O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O oxygen + glucose → water + carbon dioxide + energy

____________ reactions release energy, usually by the breakdown of larger ____________ molecules into smaller molecules.

Catabolic, organic

Releases energy by breaking down large molecules into small molecules (exergonic)

Catabolism

Through the __________ cycle, gluconeogenesis in the liver allows depleted skeletal muscle glycogen to be restored within 48 hrs.

Cori

Some ____ can be produced in cellular respiration to produce carbon dioxide and water. Skeletal muscles make to much, so it's skipped to the liver. The liver has the enzyme lactic acid dehydrogenase, which converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid and NADH. The liver can covert pyruvic acid to glucose 6-phosphate. The glucose can return to the muscle cells, which completes the ____.

Cori Cycle

Oxygen debt and oxygen deficit are similar sounding but very different concepts. Which is true? Debt occur after exercise and must be "repaid". Debt is the difference between tissue demand for oxygen and oxygen utilized. Deficits occur when energy demand is equal to energy produced. Deficit refers to the amount of lactic acid produced.

Debt occur after exercise and must be "repaid".

During the citric acid cycle, one molecule of FAD is reduced to __________.

FADH2

Since both the liver and skeletal muscle can store glucose as glycogen, both organs can break down the glycogen into free glucose to release into the blood. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE

The production of glucose from the noncarbohydrate molecules, including lactic acid, and amino acids, mostly in the liver

Gluconeogenesis

The production of glycogen, mostly in skeletal muscles and the liver is

Glycogenesis

Hydrolysis (breakdown) of glycogen; yields glucose 6-phosphate for glycolysis, or free glucose that can be secreted into the blood is

Glycogenolysis

Conversion of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid is

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway by which glucose, a six-carbon (hexose) sugar, is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate is called:

Glycolysis

The formation of ketone bodies, which are 4 carbon long organic acids, from fatty acids, occurs in the liver.

Ketogenesis

The formation of triglycerides, primarily in adipose tissue

Lipogenesis

Hydrolysis (breakdown) of triglycerides, primarily in adipose tissue.

Lipolysis

In order for glycolysis to continue, there must be adequate amounts of ____ available, which is produced in the lactic acid pathway.

NAD

During anaerobic glycolysis, which of the following is true? -Pyruvic acid levels increase -Lactic acid levels decrease -NAD (oxidized) levels increase

NAD (oxidized) levels increase Anaerobic glycolysis involves the splitting of glucose and conversion to pyruvic acid. When exercise intensity is high, pyruvic acid must be rapidly converted to lactic acid in order to free up oxidized coenzyme (NAD) to provide for continued glyocolysis and rapid ATP production.

In addition to pyruvate, glycolysis results in the production of two molecules of____.

NADH

The ____________ complex transports 4 H₊ from the matrix to the intermembrane space.

NADH-enzyme Q reductase

Which of the following can be predicted from the information given? Over time, aerobic training helps the body become more efficient at fat oxidation. Muscle glycogen can be used to increase blood sugar during high intensity exercise. Aerobic training increases the reliance on glucose for energy. Increased levels of glycogen increase lactic acid production during exercise.

Over time, aerobic training helps the body become more efficient at fat oxidation.

The metabolic pathway that removes amine groups from amino acids is known as:

Oxidative deamination

The production of ATP through the coupling of the electron-transport system with phosphorylation is termed:

Oxidative phosphorylation

The addition of a phosphate group is known as:

Phosphorylation

Which of the following has the greatest increase in glycolytic activity during intense exercise? Liver Skeletal muscles Lungs Digestive viscera

Skeletal muscles

Metabolism may be divided into 2 categories: _____ and catabolism. Catabolic reactions release energy, usually by the breakdown of larger ____ molecules into smaller molecules. _____ reactions require the input of energy and include the synthesis of large energy-storage molecules. Energy transfers are less than ____ efficient according to the ___ Law of Thermodynamics. Some of the chemical -bond energy from glucose is _____ as heat.

anabolism, catabolic, organic, anabolic, 100%, 2nd, chemical, lost.

Glucose conversion into lactic acid is a type of __________ metabolism.

anaerobic

The lactic acid pathway is a type of _______.

anaerobic metabolism

__________ is a chemical reaction between two molecules. One is an amino acid, which contains an amine (NH2) group. The other is a keto acid, which contains a keto (=O) group.

Transamination

Final Electron Acceptor

Without a final acceptor, the whole process would come to a halt (aerobic). They require oxygen.

Glucose from the diet is ____ in the small intestines. Glucose solubilized in _____ is transported to respiring tissues. Glucose undergoes a series of mostly ____ steps in the cytoplasm resulting in the formation of ____ . Pyruvic acid moves into the ____ of the mitochondria where it is modified and then enters the _____. Reduced coenzymes undergo _____ when they deliver electrons to the inner _____. The eventual ____ to water occurs in the final enzymatic reactions in ____.

absorbed, blood plasma, oxidation, pyruvic acid, matrix, citric acid cycle, oxidation, mitochondrial membrane, reduction of oxygen, electron transport.

The molecule that enters at the beginning of the Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle is __________.

acetyl coenzyme A

is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a long, multistep process that produces roughly 36 ATP. The first step in is glycolysis, the second is the citric acid cycle and the third is the electron transport system.

aerobic respiration

Keto acids can be converted to __________ acids by the addition of an amine group.

amino (Transamination)

Metabolism may be divided into 2 categories: ____________ and catabolism.

anabolism

In a process known as __________ enzymes remove two-carbon acetic acid molecules from the acid end of a fatty acid chain.

beta-oxidation