Cellular Respiration
What is a pyruvate molecule?
1/2 of a glucose molecule.
How many ATP are produced by the Kreb cycle for each molecule of glucose?
2
Products of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
6CO2 +6H2O + Energy (ATP)
ATP releases energy and becomes....
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
What is the storage form of energy called?
ATP
Cristae
Folded bag in mitochondria where ATP production occurs.
Steps of Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis, Fermentation
Steps of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Chain Transport
What is the second step of the electron transport chain?
H+ ions are pumped against the concentration gradient into the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria.
Metabolic Rate
How quickly metabolism occurs. This affects how much food an organism needs to eat.
Alcohol
Molecule created by yeast who convert pyruvate when no oxygen is present.
Which portion of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
The Electron Transport Chain (32 ATP per glucose)
Explain the Kreb Cycle. What happens?
This part of respiration occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. It releases enough energy to make 2 ATP and 6 CO2.
What is the main event that occurs in glycolysis?
This process breaks glucose into pyruvate molecules. It produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
How would you describe the electron transport chain?
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration
How does H+ travel back into the matrix?
Through ATP synthase by chemiosmsis
Aerobic Respiration
Uses oxygen
Fermentation occurs....?
When oxygen is NOT present in anaerobic cellular respiration.
What is the name for the acronym ATP
adenosine triphosphate
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration occurs in ...
bacteria, yeast, or muscle cells.
what is the process of converting glucose into energy called?
cellular respiration
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
Chemiosmosis
diffusion of ions across a semi-permeable membrane, through a carrier protein. Needs a concentration gradient for the diffusion to take place.
Where does oxaloacetate come from in the Krebs cycle?
from previous turn
Krebs Cycle
in the matrix of the mitochondria
Where does the electron transport chain (ETC) occur?
inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Reduction
is gaining electrons
Oxydation
is losing electrons
What is the last step in the Krebs cycle?
the remaining 4 carbon fragment is rearranged to form oxaloacetate which is then regenerated for the next turn.
What is the second step in the Krebs cycle?
the two successive oxidative (removal of a carbon with oxygen) form 2 molecules of carbon dioxide.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
-As H+ flows back into the matrix, the movement of the ions (stored potential energy) can be used by ATP synthase to form ATP (from ADP and unbound phosphates) -oxygen joins with the "spent" electrons and H+ to form water
How are other nutrients, such as proteins, used for cellular respiration?
-broken down into its building blocks: amino acids -Amino group is removed -carbon backbone enters Krebs Cycle
How are other nutrients, such as lipids, used for cellular respiration?
-broken down into its building blocks: glycerol and 3 fatty acids -glycerol is converted into PGAL which and enter glycolysis -fatty acids can be converted into acetyl CoA and enter the Krebs Cycle
Fermentation
1. Process that allows glycolysis to continue! 2. Removes electrons from NADH, converting it to NAD+. 3. Creates alchohol or lactic acid. 4. Happens in absence of oxygen.
How many ATP molecules are produced in the Kreb's cycle?
2
How many pyruvates are produced from ONE glucose molecule?
2
Number of ATPs produced in glycolysis
2 ATP
What is the products of the Krebs cycle?
2 ATP per glucose molecule, 6 NADH and 2 FADH²
What are the end products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net gain) and 2 NADH per glucose
Pyruvate
3-carbon molecule. Product of glycolysis. 2 pyruvate is made from 1 glucose.
Number of ATPs possible during cellular respiration for every molecule of glucose
36 ATP
How many carbons are in glucose?
6
ADP
ATP minus one phosphate
AMP
ATP minus two phosphates
When energy is transferred from glucose to ATP how much of it get actually put into energy?
About 40% and most of the other 60% go off as heat
In which environment does a cell produce more ATP?
Aerobic
Wine
Alcohol made from fruits
Beer
Alcohol made from grains
Commercial products made from alcohol fermentation
Alcohol... Beer, wine, etc. Also Breads! (Yeast makes dough rise and produces alcohol in the process, which evaporates when baked.)
What would happen is oxygen was removed?
All processes would stop since they all depend on each other
FAD
An electron carrier molecule. Acts like a battery by carrying energy. FAD is an "empty" battery.
FADH2
An electron carrier molecule. Acts like a battery by carrying energy. FADH2 is a fully "charged" battery.
NAD+
An electron carrier molecule. Acts like a battery by carrying energy. NAD+ is an "empty" battery.
ATP Synthase
An enzyme that makes ATP when hydrogens are rushing through.
NADH
An high energy electron carrier molecule. Acts like a battery by carrying energy. Carry electrons to the electron transport chain.
Matrix
Area inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
ATP
Biological molecule of energy
Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Both processes include glycolysis. In aerobic respiration oxygen (O2) is needed and in anaerobic respiration no oxygen needed. Aerobic produces 36 ATP; Anaerobic produces 2 ATP. *There are many ways to compare and contrast these!!!
Cellular Respiration Formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)
Reactants of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 +6O2
Commercial products made from lactic acid fermentation
Cheese and yogurt
What do enzymes do in glycolysis?
Enzymes remove H+ and the electrons from PGAL to change NAD+ to NADH
After pyruvate enters the mitochondria what occurs next?
First, one carbon is removed from pyruvate and the two-carbon fragment joins coenzyme A. The removed carbon becomes a molecule of carbon dioxide. Net yield: 2 molecules of acetyl CoA per glucose
What is the first step of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Which part of the cellular respiration process takes place in the cytoplasm?
Glycolysis
Where does most of the energy from glucose go into?
Into the high energy electron carriers - NADH and FADH². and heat
Lactic Acid
Molecule that pyruvate becomes if left in the cytoplasm. Product of lactic acid fermentation.
Acetyl Co-enzyme A (Acetyl CoA)
Molecule that starts the Kreb's cycle. Created from pyruvate.
How is ATP produced at the electron transport chain?
Movement of H+ drives rotation of the ATP synthase and the ATP is made
What is the first step of the electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH give up their electrons to the transport proteins that are embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane
What are the products of the electron transport chain?
Net yield: 32 ATP per glucose
Electron Transport Chain
Occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. All of the electrons (H) from glucose travel to the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Mitochondria
Organelle responsible for ATP production
What is needed for aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
What is the third and last step of the electron transport chain?
Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor, combining with excess of H+ ions to form water
Role of Hydrogen in Electric Transport Chain
Powers or spins the ATP synthase.
Cellular Respiration
Process of making ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
Producing 2 ATP in the absence of oxygen
Aerobic Respiration
Producing 36 ATP in the presence of oxygen
In what organelle would you find Kreb's cycle and the electron transport chain?
The Mitochondria
What is cellular respiration?
The controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP
What is the fourth stage of the Aerobic pathway?
The electron transport chain
Where does the Kreb Cycle occur?
The matrix of the mitochondria.
Number of membranes in the mitochondria?
The mitochondria has two membranes. An inner membrane and an outer membrane.
Definition of Cellular Respiration
The process of breaking the chemical bonds of glucose into energy. Breaking chemical bonds releases electrons.
What happens to H+ and e-?
They are transferred to NAD+ twice.
Glycolysis
the anaerobic breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
What does the suffix -"lysis" mean?
to break
