CEP 215 Exam 1
IDEA 2004 eligibilities categories
autism, deaf-blindness, deafness, emotional disturbance, hearing impairment, intellectual disabilities (13 total)
why is culture like an iceberg?
-some differences between cultures can be obvious (tip of the iceberg) characteristics, but many differences are very subtle (below the surface)
speech and language impairment
-speech disorders such as stuttering, articulation, voicing problems -language disorders such as deficiency in understanding or expressing language
hypothetico-deductive method
"if this, then" thinking, can consider hypothetical situations and reason deductively -the hallmark of formal operations
What works clearing house
-helps teachers, administrators, and policymakers make evidence based decisions -summarizes existing evidence based on a topic -provides impartial summaries -uses rigorous standards to evaluate evidence. only high-quality studies are reviewed, studies with casual evidence -helps facilitate research-based decision making
Quasi-experimental research
-meets most of the criteria for "true experiments" -NOT RANDOMLY ASSIGNED to groups -existing groups participate ex: classroom
Experimental research
-random assignment!! -treatment group or control group -a variable is manipulated (independant variable) -an outcome variable is measurable (dependent variable) -results can tell us about cause and effect
Every student succeeds Act (ESSA, 2015)
-replaced no child left behind -returned most of the control to the states -states and local schools decide how/when to test and how to intervene with low-performing schools -supports more access to early childhood education -requires "evidence-based" interventions in failing schools, grounded in scientific based research.
correlational research - what is it and whats the difference between positive and negative correlations
-sees what is the relationship between two variables, ex: height and weight -knowing that variables are correlated does not tell us what causes them to vary. -positive correlation: two factors increase or decrease together -negative correlation: increase in one factor are related to the decrease in the other factor
Erikson's 8 stages of Psychosocial Development: 1. trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt 3. initiative vs guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority 5. identity vs. role confusion 6.intimacy vs. isolation 7. generativity vs. stagnation 8. ego integrity vs despair
1. trust vs mistrust -birth to 18 months -event: feeding; developing a trusting relationship with caregiver of develop sense of mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt -18 months to 3 years old -event: toilet training; develop physical skills (ex-walking) or develop shame and doubt 3. initiative vs guilt -event: independence; take more initiative or become too forceful and lead to guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority -6 to 12 years old -event: school; learn new skills or risk sense of inferiority, failure 5. identity vs. role confusion -adolescence -event: peer relationships; achieve identity on occupation, gender roles, politics, religion 6.intimacy vs. isolation -young adult -event: love relationships; develop intimacy or suffer feelings of isolation 7. generativity vs. stagnation -middle adulthood -parenting/mentoring; satisfy and support next generation 8. ego integrity vs despair -late adulthood -reflecting on, acceptance of one's life; sense of fulfillment
define ethnography
a descriptive approach that focuses on life within a group; tries to understand the meaning of the events to the people involved ex: a researcher studies how students from different cultural groups are viewed by their peers
Autism
a developmental disability affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, evident before age 3 and ranging from mild to major. -difficulties with social conversations and understanding social cues -repetitive behavior -experiencing sensory aspects of the world in a different way
define handicap
a disadvantage in a certain situation
private speech
a form of self-regulation, talking to yourself
minority group
a group of people who have been socially disadvantaged. not always a minority in actual numbers, unequal treatment
co-constructed process
a social process in which people interact and negociate to create an understanding or to solve a problem. The final product is shaped by all participants
define correlation and interpret the strength of correlation
a statistic that indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between two measurements -size of the number is the strength -the sign (-) or (+) is the direction -positive= same direction -negative= opposite directions -range: -1.00 to +1.00, 1.00 is strong, 0.00 is no relation
adolescent egocentrism
adolescents understand that other people may have different perceptions and beliefs, however they tend to become very focused on their own ideas
define disability
an inability to do something specific such as walk or see
zone of proximal development
area where the child cannot solve a problem alone, but can be successful under guidance or scaffolding, or in collaboration with peers
Baumrind's parenting styles
authoritative- high warmth high control authoritarian-low warmth, high control permissive- high warmth, low control rejecting/neglecting- low warmth, low control
schemas
basic building blocks of thinking, allows us to mentally represent objects and events in our world -mental representation of a word or idea, meaning based or visual understanding
egocentric
child has difficulty understanding other's point of view
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
civil rights legislation, prevents discrimination of people with disabilities in any federally funded program, ensures equal opportunity to participate in school activities. *this is not special education
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory define
emphasizes the role in development of cooperative dialogues between children and more knowledgeable members of society. Children learn the culture of their community (ways of thinking and behaving) through interactions so- learning happens in social environments
Quantitative Research types
correlational, experimental, quasi-experimental
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
difficulties with hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention -difficulty paying attention, listening to directions, organizing work, forgetful, fidgets, squirms, difficulty staying seated, blurts out answers, excessive talking or movement -give them movement breaks, small assignments at a time, be patient, offer choices
strategies/considerations that can help students in the industry stage (erikson) through the developmental crisis
eagerness to engage in productive work -help students set and achieve realistic goals -allow and support opportunities to be independent -challenge students but don't overwhelm them -let them show their independence and responsibility -support students who seem discouraged and recognize improvements
person first language
emphasis on the student first, not on the special challenges he or she faces ex: student with a learning disability-- not learning disabled student
ethnicity vs race definition
ethnicity- a cultural heritage shared by a group of people ex: history, homeland, language, tradition, religion race- a socially constructed category based on appearances and ancestry
Emotional disturbance and Emotional and Behavioral disorders
examples could include -anxiety disorders (ocd, ptsd, phobias) -mood disorders (depression, bipolar) -disruptive behavior disorders (conduct disorder)
Qualitative research
exploratory research that attempts to understand the meaning of events to the participants involved (Goal= to explore situations/people in depth) ex: case studies, interviews, participant observation
classification
group objects into categories
Marcia's Identity Statuses
identity achievement, moratorium, identity foreclosure, identity diffusion identity achievement- person has explored meaningful alternatives regarding identity question and made a commitment moratorium- person has explored meaningful alternatives regarding identity question, but has not made a commitment (exploring but struggling to make choice) identity foreclosure- person has not has explored meaningful alternatives regarding identity question, and made a commitment (accept parental choices without other considerations) identity diffusion- person has not has explored meaningful alternatives regarding identity question, and not made a commitment (confused on who you are and what you want)
gender identity vs gender roles
identity- a personal sense of being female, male, neither or both roles- expectations about how people should behave in gender conforming ways
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model
microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem microsystem -an individual's relationships with the immediate setting (direct relationships with parents, teachers, peers, etc) mesosystem -relationships or interactions among all of the microsystem elements in one's life (ex: parents interacting with teachers) exosystem -all of the social settings that affect the child, even though the child does not participate directly (child's school, community resources) macrosystem -the larger society: the values, laws, conventions and traditions
Object Permanence (Piaget)
objects do not cease to exist when they are out of sight
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
preconventional, conventional, postconventional preconventional -judgements are based off self interest (do what's best for you) -obedience orientation, obey rules, avoids punishment conventional -judgements are based on traditional family values and social expectations -being nice/ relationship orientation, being good = being nice, laws and authorities must be obeyed postconventional -judgements are based on more abstract and personal ethical principles (may be the right thing not for us but for other people) -moral choice, for the greater good, social justice regardless of the law
conservation
principle that some characteristics of an object remain the same despite changes in appearance. Requires the child to understand identity (nothing is added or taken away), compensation, and reversible thinking.
Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD)
problem with understanding or using spoken or written language that shows up as difficulty in reading, writing, reasoning, or math. not due to hearing problems, intellectual disability, or emotional problems.
socioeconomic status (SES)
relative standing in the society based on wealth, power, control over resources, and prestige -4 general levels: upper class, middle class, working class, lower class. -resistance culture: group values and beliefs about refusing to adopt the behaviors and attitudes of a majority culture -summer setback: research showed that students from poverty begin schools about 6 months behind privileged peers in reading skills, "rich get richer, poor get poorer" -tracking: permanent assignment to different classes and academic experiences based on achievement
No child left behind
required: -extensive standardized achievement testing in reading, math, and science grades 3-8 -all students reach full proficiency by 2013-14 -schools that did not make adequate yearly progress received penalties -resulted in problems such as cheating, narrowing the curriculum, "teaching to the test"
learning styles
research does not support matching learning styles with teaching methods
prejudice
rigid and irrational beliefs/emotions about a person based on category they belong to or are believed to belong to
Stereotypes and stereotype threat
schema that organizes knowledge or perceptions about a category stereotype threat: fear that you might confirm a negative stereotype. can induce test anxiety and undermine performance
response to intervention
school framework focused on preventing problems and providing supports as soon as possible -3 tiers tier 1: 100% of students receive tier 1 support. 80% successful tier 2: some students, 15% of students require this additional level of support tier 3: 5% of students require this specialized, intensive level of support -use ongoing assessment data to make flexible instructional decisions based on student's most current needs/skills. ~universal screening assessment: answers the questions is there a problem and who is at risk. administered to students 3x per year, aligned to instruction and important outcomes. ~progress monitoring assessment: answers the question is the intervention working, measures progress overtime
list and describe Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development, and provide at least one characteristic of each stage of development
sensorimotor (0-2 years) -learn through reflexes, senses, and movement/actions of the environment -imitation, memory, and thought development -recognizes object permanence Pre-operational (2-7 years) -semiotic function develops (use symbols to represent actions or objects mentally) -thinking is egocentric -child does not yet understand the principle of conservation Concrete Operational (7-11 years) -thinking becomes logical, child is able to grasp "hands-on" concepts that are tied to physical reality -understands conservation -not yet able to grasp abstract or hypothetical concepts -understands classification and can put things in sequential order Formal operational (11-adult) -has the ability to think and problem solve abstract concepts -can think hypothetically, deductively -can consider multiple perspectives -develops concerns about social issues, personal issues, and justice -scientific reasoning develops -hallmark of stage: hypothetico-deductive reasoning ("if this, then...") -adolescent egocentrism
intellectual disability (mental retardation)
significantly below-average intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, evident before age 18
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA 2004)
special education legislation -FAPE- free and appropriate public education states must provide free and appropriate public education for all students with disabilities who participate is special education *zero rejection principle: students with a disability cant be denied a free public education -LRE- least restrictive environment children must be educated in least restrictive environment, with peers in a regular classroom to the greatest extent possible -IEP- individualized education program students with a disability who participate in special education are required to have an IEP, specifying present achievement goals, levels, and appropriate programs for the student
scaffolding
support for learning and problem solving. -models, organizers, hints, examples
semiotic function
the ability to use symbols to represent actions or objects mentally. ex: language can be used to represent idea or concept
sexual orientation
the gender to whom a person is sexually or emotionally attracted
define case study
to understand one or a few individuals or situations in depth
Discrimination
unequal or unfair treatment of or actions towards particular categories of people. while prejudice consists of beliefs and feelings, discrimination consists on acting on those beliefs
define clinical interviews
use open-ended questions to probe responses, follow up on answers
Define accommodation
when we change our existing scheme to respond to information -aCCommodation = Change or Create new scheme
define assimilation
when we use our existing schemes to make sense of information (make sense with knowledge we already know) -aSSimilation = Same Scheme
strategies/considerations that can help students in the identity stage (erikson) through the developmental crisis
who am i -supply a variety of positive role models -help with resources to solve personal problems -be tolerant to fads if they don't offend others -give students realistic feedback -understand that student's identity is multidimensional
strategies/considerations that can help students in the initiative stage (erikson) through the developmental crisis
willingness to begin new activities and explore new directions. adults provide supervision without interference. -allow limited choices that will often result in success -encourage make believe -tolerate accidents and mistakes; let children try things -provide exciting material that will stimulate the imagination