CH 1-4 quizzes
A paradigm shift is a major break in the assumptions that are used to understand the world. For social scientists, what causes a paradigm shift? the study of history new data forcing a new way of looking at the world religion and theology increased awareness of the current paradigm
new data forcing a new way of looking at the world
Max Weber believed that modern industrialized societies were characterized by which of the following institutions? Churches Central governments Bureaucracies Prisons
Bureaucracies
"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" is a slogan that best represents the ideals of which social system? Dictatorship Communism Capitalism Totalitarianism
Communism
According to the theoretical position developed by Karl Marx, what is the engine of social change? Conflict between social groups Exploration beyond the boundaries of a given society Development of technology Shared moral values
Conflict between social groups
The reality television show Wife Swap exchanges the matriarchs from two very different families and films the result as the participants are exposed to radically different ways of life. Although the television network is simply trying to be entertaining, the show also demonstrates the sociological principle of: Sociological imagination Globalization Quantitative methods Culture shock
Culture shock
According to Robert Merton, which of these statements about manifest functions is true? Manifest functions usually have something to do with social conflict and change. Manifest functions are intended and obvious. Manifest functions are designed to alleviate inequality. Manifest functions are designed to critique the social system that produced them.
Manifest functions are intended and obvious
Why did C. Wright Mills think that it is important for everyone, even people who will never take a sociology class, to develop a sociological imagination? It will help generate more jobs for sociologists . Many people remain unaware of the intricate connections between the patterns of their own lives and the larger course of history. The sociological perspective is innately understood by nearly everyone, but we rarely acknowledge it. It will encourage growth in the field of microsociology.
Many people remain unaware of the intricate connections between the patterns of their own lives and the larger course of history
Why is it increasingly difficult to use sociological models that assume that interaction involves copresence? Increasingly, interactions are characterized by globalism. The family has taken on more importance in status development. Copresence requires cooperation, which is increasingly rare in today's polarized political and cultural climate. New technology makes it much more common to interact with someone without being physically in the same place.
New technology makes it much more common to interact with someone without being physically in the same place
The Egg McMuffin is a vastly more efficient version of eggs Benedict. Egg McMuffins are cheaper, are ready almost instantly at drive-through windows, and can be eaten with one hand while driving. However, they do not improve on the taste or the experience of eggs Benedict. Max Weber might have described the Egg McMuffin as the ________ of breakfast. Iron cage Alienation Manifest dysfunction Rationalization
Rationalization
When high schools want to ask students about sensitive subjects like drug use or sexual health, they often use surveys rather than a more direct form of communication like interviews. Why? Surveys allow respondents to speak in their own words; they can reveal their own thoughts, feelings, and beliefs. Surveys allow researchers to ask much more complex questions than they could with any other methodology. Surveys allow students to answer the questions in private and assure the confidentiality of their responses. Surveys are more expensive and allow for larger staffs and budgets.
Surveys allow students to answer the questions in private and assure the confidentiality of their responses
Which of the following theories focuses on how our behaviors are dependent on the ways we interpret, make sense of, and define ourselves, others, and social situations? Conflict theory Symbolic interactionism Psychoanalysis Structural functionalism
Symbolic interactionism
According to the sociological explanation of emotions, which of the following statements about grief is true? Both the experience of grief and the expressions of grief are universal. Neither the experience of grief nor the expressions of grief are universal. Neither the experience of grief nor the expressions of grief have any social component. The experience of grief is universal, but expressions of grief are cultural.
The experience of grief is universal, but expressions of grief are cultural
When conducting experiments, how is the experimental group different from the control group? The experimental group contains people who are different in many ways from the control group. The experimental group receives the dependent variable, and the control group does not. The experimental group receives the independent variable, and the control group does not. The control group receives the independent variable, and the experimental group does not.
The experimental group receives the independent variable, and the control group does not
Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual? The family Peers The media School
The family
What is the relationship between Sister Pauline Quinn's program, in which prison inmates train service and therapy dogs, and sociological concepts of the self and of interaction? The process of training dogs helps resocialize prisoners. The program now has branches in almost every prison in the United States, demonstrating globalization. Quinn's program was founded on Freudian principles, including the idea of the id, ego, and superego. The original research on Quinn's program was done by George Herbert Mead, who laid the groundwork for research on the self and interaction.
The process of training dogs helps resocialize prisoners
Why are respondents often more comfortable addressing sensitive subjects on surveys than in other research contexts? They know that many other people will also answer the same questions. They know that their answers will only be analyzed statistically. They can answer in private and are usually assured of anonymity. Surveys guarantee that their answers will be confidential, while other methods do not.
They can answer in private and are usually assured of anonymity
What does it mean if ethnographers are overt about their roles? They maintain narrow and limited definitions of appropriate research methodologies. They spend a great deal of time reflecting on their roles in the research process. They observe and record data without letting anyone know they are doing research. They openly admit that they are doing sociological research.
They openly admit that they are doing sociological research
Which theorist argued that if people define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences? W. I. Thomas Erving Goffman George Herbert Mead Charles Cooley
W. I. Thomas
If a bride is upset on her wedding day because her family members don't seem excited enough for her, sociologists might argue that the family members are violating: their role as socializers. the primary task of impression management. a feeling rule. the social contract.
a feeling rule
Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of: an individual's personal front. setting or region. expressions given. the superego.
an individual's personal front. setting or region
A sociologist wants to study popular attitudes and perceptions about astrology among college students in California. She believes that people who have astrological signs identified with fire will have a greater knowledge of astrology because fire signs tend to have more interesting and attractive symbolism. What are the variables in this study? astrological signs and knowledge of astrology college students and symbolism popular attitudes and perceptions California and college students
astrological signs and knowledge of astrology
According to the scientific method, what are the steps in research, and in what order should they be completed? form a hypothesis, define variables, choose research method, collect data form a hypothesis, choose research design, define variables, analyze data form a hypothesis, choose research design, review the literature analyze data, form a hypothesis, choose research design, define variables
form a hypothesis, define variables, choose research method, collect data
Imagine a child who consistently gets mediocre grades and is often picked last for a team when games are played at recess. However, he likes to make silly jokes and play pranks, and he notices that people laugh when he does those things. The child starts to think that others are laughing with him, not at him. This is part of the process that Charles Cooley called: backstage. the preparatory stage. the looking-glass self. impression management.
impression management
In his book The Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud suggested that: thoughts must originate in both the id and the superego. the conscious level of awareness is but the tip of the iceberg and that just below the surface is a far greater area of the mind, the subconscious and the unconscious. dreams result from inconsequential superstitions and have to be "worked through" in order for analysis to succeed. people are in control of their own dreams and can consciously choose to steer them in one direction or another.
the conscious level of awareness is but the tip of the iceberg and that just below the surface is a far greater area of the mind, the subconscious and the unconscious
ccording to Sigmund Freud, which part of the mind is composed of biological drives and consequently is the source of psychic energy? The looking-glass self The id The ego The superego
the id
Ethnographers using participant observation must always be aware of reflexivity, which occurs because: participants may not consider their own motivations and act out of reflex. ethnographers' conclusions may not be applicable to any larger group. the presence of ethnographers may alter the behavior of the people they are observing. ethnographers intervene in the lives of the people they are studying.
the presence of ethnographers may alter the behavior of the people they are observing
What is the scientific method? the use of statistics to analyze numerical data the study of scientific processes the standard procedure for acquiring and verifying empirical knowledge the study of nature
the standard procedure for acquiring and verifying empirical knowledge
Even though a small number of people have been trained academically as sociologists, we can all be described as "everyday sociologists" because: sociology is a part of human nature. our parents taught us to be sociologists even before they sent us to school. we are all members of society and therefore we have a great deal of background knowledge about how society works. sociologists are really just observers of conventional wisdom.
we are all members of society and therefore we have a great deal of background knowledge about how society works
Together and in groups, people organize their lives and their social interactions to produce a real and meaningful world. Sociologists can study this because: they are interested in all aspects of human psychology. we organize our lives in patterned ways. sociology understands the importance of human psychology. we often assign characteristics to an entire group of people based on experience with a single member of that group.
we organize our lives in patterned ways
One of the key methods used to do political polling is random-digit dialing, in which every phone number in an area code has an equal chance of being selected to take part in a survey. However, researchers have noticed that young people are more likely to only use a cell phone, and people with cell phones are less likely to answer a call from an unknown number. As a result, polling organizations often count responses from young people as being worth "more" than those from older people so that age in the sample is more accurately representative of the larger population. What is this technique called? weighting bias probability sampling Likert scales
weighting
