Ch 10

Infant mortality rate

# of infant deaths per 1000 live births neonatal mortality: death within 1st 28 days postneonatal mortality: death 29 days - 1 yr

Prevalence of obesity & overweight

1 of the main risk factors for 6/10 leading cause of death in African Americans. 77.7% of Black women ages 20-74 are obese/overweight Obesity is a significant factor in many medical or surgical interventions for other diseases.

Identify the largest & 2nd largest racial/ethnic groups in the U.S.

1. Whites 2. Hispanics 3. African Americans

Differential Medical Management of Conditions

African American patients with similar needs as White patients are about 1/2 as likely to receive diagnostic & interventional treaments for heart disease. Often face the prospect of obtaining care in facilities that have fewer resources, & when they obtain access to similar facilities they often receive less optimal treatment

Availability of Health Care Resources for African Americans.

African Americans are 1.46 time as likely than Whites to identify their usual source of care as a facility rather than a person. Underutilization of health care services by African Americans is caued by race differences in resourcs, such as opoid analgsics (pain medicine), available at facilities where White & Black patients receive care

Define YPLL & Acute/Chronic Conditions

Chronic: conditions that are not cured once acquired (i.e. heart disease) Acute: Type of illness or injury that ordinarily lasts less than 3 months YPLL: (Years of Potential Life lost) estimate of the number of years of life lost due to premature deaths, assuming all persons should live to be at least 75

Negative attiudes of physicians self-fulfilling prophecy

Doctor believes African American patients will not follow through on advice. Patient perceives the attitude & develops distrust for the physician. As a result, patient doesn't follow the doctors advice.

Major health risks & issues for African Americans

Greatest health risk: poverty & low SES status 22% of African Americans live below offical poverty level HIV/AIDS Homicide Obesity Maternal & Child Health Smoking

Identifying top 2 leading causes of death

Heart Disease & Cancer for both

Understand health care access & utilization

Helath care acess & utilization for African Americans revolve mainly around access to & availability of health care resources

Results of the study examining infant mortalty & college-educated African American women

Infant mortality rates decrease with higher education levels - However, at each education level, African Americans far exceed any other group. INfant mortality rates among college-educated African American is double the rate for White college-educated women

Selective Survival

Leads to crossover in death rates whereby African Americans & American Indian/Alaska Natives have lower death rates than other racial/ethnic groups at old ages

Where do African American women rank in maternal/infant mortality rates

Maternal mortality rate greatly exceeds the rate for Hispanics & White women. African American women have the highest infant mortality rate of all racial/ethnic groups

Leading cause of HIV infection among African American males & females.

Men: Homosexual sex & injection drug use Women: Heterosexual transmission

Unique leading causes of death for African American women

Nephritis: 5th leading cause of death, not among top 5 leading causes of death for any other racial/ethnic group. HIV/AIDS -10th, not on the list for any other racial ethnic group

What challenges do African Americans face when trying to obtain health care

Often face the prospect of obtaining care in facilities that have fewer resources, & when they obtain access to similar facilities they often receive less optimal treatment

Racial Differences in Patient/Provider Interaction

Race of the patient has an effect on physicians' perceptions of them. Physicians tend to rate African American patients more negatively than Whites on a # of health-related factors. Cases in which the doctor & patients are racially concordant the doctor tends to promote more patient participation in decision making

Mortality Crossover

Research shows that in old age the death rate for Black Americans is lower than the rate for White Americans

Possible factors influencing obesity

Researchers believe obesity & overweight in African Americans is due to cultural factors, such as standards of beauty & perceptions of "normal weight"

Unique leading causes of death for African American men

Top 4 causes of death for African Americans are among top 5 for other male racial/ethnic groups. Homicide - 5th, males hispanics are only other group w/ it in top 5

Maternal Mortality

death of women while pregnant