Ch 10 Agriculture

Cons of subsidies

-LDC farmers are being undercut by cheap MDC grain -tax dollars are needed to fund subsidies

Why is the Thunen model outdated?

-advanced technology (better equipped vehicles) -forests don't exist around cities anymore -soil quality (depending on location, types of agriculture differ) -ignores social customs -ignores government policies (subsidies)

Why is commercial farming increasing?

-countries continue to develop -technology (this is my answer, but quite simply they are following the Rostow Model)

Why is there an overproduction problem in the US?

-improved tech has yielded more food -more supply=lower prices

Strategies to increase food supply

-increase exports from those with a supply -expand farm land

Even though food production is higher than ever, why are the prices remaining so high?

-poor weather, especially in major-crop growing regions of the South Pacific and North America -higher demand especially in China and India -smaller growth in productivity, especially without major new "miracle" breakthroughs -use of crops as bio-fuels instead of food

What are 3 problems that dairy farmers face?

-rising cost and declining revenue -labor intensive, cows must be milked twice a day -winter feed- grass unavailable in the winter

Pros of subsidies

-they lower the global price of food -farmers have a secure income

How many people today use the hunting and gathering method?

.005%

What are 4 things that revolutionized agriculture from the 60's to the 80's

1. Hybrid seeds (aka miracle seeds) cross breeding 2. expanded use of artificial fertilizers 3. insecticides and fertilizers 4. better irrigation techniques

How many people are pastoral nomads / how much land

10 million / 20% of land

In the 1980's what percent of the developing countries produced the world's milk? 2010?

1980-> 26% 2010-> 53%

What percent of farmers live in U.S /Canada

2%

In the US what percent are in agriculture and what percent are in agribusiness?

2%->agriculture 12%->agribusiness

How much money does the US put into subsidies?

20 million

how many sheep/goats does a typical nomadic family need? Animals?

25-60 sheep and goats, 10-25 animals

how many farmers use shifting cultivation and how much of the land is used

250 million farmers and 25 % of the land (uses the most land)

3rd and 4th step of shifting cultivation

3rd Swidden- land prepared with hand tools 4th Grow- soil lasts about 3 years

Of the population, what percent is farmers in the developing world

44%

Of the population, what percent is farmers in the developed world?

5%

What's the fifth step of shifting cultivation?

5th Move- go to new area and repeat

How many types of agriculture are in developed countries

6

When was the Green Revolution

60's, 70's, 80's

what percent of income comes from animal products

75%

What percentage of farmers live in developing countries?

97%

How was agriculture invented?

A combination of accident and experiment

sawah

A flooded field for growing rice

Why at first does the statement "since 1950 population has outpaced the expansion of farm land" sound scary? What saves the day?

Although there is less land to farm, because of the Green Revolution we are more efficient with the land we have

According to the Von Thunen model, why is animal grazing in the outer ring?

Animals can walk themselves to the cities

What does the government do when there is a surplus?

Buys it and sells it to foreign governments

What's one typical animal associated with pastoral nomads? (this question isn't really a good one, I just didn't know how to delete the picture in the answer)

Camels. picture of camels in case any one is confused

agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Why has India passed the U.S. as the biggest producer of milk?

Cultural influences (most of population does not eat the cow), population influences (more people equals more milk)

What is the goal of subsistence farming?

Feed your family

Hope grew during the 20th century because they thought that the increased fish consumption could meet the needs of a rapidly growing population, however what effect has this caused?

Fish species declined because they were harvested faster than they could reproduce

What do subsistence farmers use to get their work done?

Human and animal power

Why are there no possible expansions in Europe and Asia?

It is too crowded over there

Why do people slash and burn?

Its the only way they can/know how to produce foods for their families

What type of people don't like subsidies and why?

LDC farmers because MDC grain is cheap

What is the leading crop of the world?

Maiz aka corn

In the US what is the most popular style of farming?

Mixed crop and livestock

Why do these people use this technique?

No water for crops

Is the US the only country that has subsidies for farmers?

No. Example, Europe, they spend even more money

What region is the leading exporter of food

North America

Where are there possible expansions?

North America/Africa

___ is decreasing everywhere and ___ is increasing everywhere

Primary sector Farm size

Of the following, which uses the most land -shifting cultivation -Intensive labor with wet rice -pastoral nomadism

Shifting cultivation

What are the first 2 steps in shifting cultivation?

Step 1 Slash- clear trees and undergrowth Step 2 Burn- ashes provide nutrients to the soil

Where in the U.S. is truck farming mostly dominant?

The Southeast

What is one con to importing foreign animals for farming, such as Asian Carp?

The animals can escape and destroy the native species, like in the case of the Asian Carp, which took over the water ways in Arkansas. They now threaten to reach the Great Lakes

Why does most consumption of cocaine and heroin occur in developed countries?

The places where the crops are sold to make the drugs are close to places with high users, such as heroin in Western Europe (poppies are in surrounding countries such as Afghanistan), and Cocaine through Latin and Central america to the US

In "our neck of the woods" (Florida) (Southeast) what type of commercial farming is most common?

Truck farming

Of the following country, which one would you expect to have Pastoral Nomads -Thailand -Mexico -Turkey

Turkey

What are the AG movements? From which hemisphere to which?

Western to Eastern

Why does the demand for food stay the same?

ZPG

cereal grains

a grass that yields grain for food

reaper

a machine that cuts cereal grain standing in a field

combine

a machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field

__ eat more crops than ___

animals humans

How long ago was the first agricultural revolution?

around 10,000 years ago

What are farmers encouraged to do in result of overproduction?

avoid producing crops that are in excess supply

How does each herd establish the route it will take?

based on water resources

why are dairy farms located near urban areas

because milk is highly perishable

Why are all methods of subsistence farming decreasing

better, efficient ways -> technology

What determines what we eat?

climate and culture

What products does latin America specialize in

coffee, sugar cane, bananas

subsistence/commercial farming is increasing?

commercial

What crop is the most profitable (in mixed crop farming)

corn

What's the third ring in the Thunen model?

crops/grains

What does the first ring of the Thunen model have in it? What type of products?

dairy and horticulture products

What are some problems with expanding farm land?

desertification, excessive water, urbanization (farms lost as cities expand)

Where is commercial farming found

developed world

where is plantation farming located

developing nations but owned by developed

Where is subsistence farming found?

developing world

milk shed

distance that milk can go without perishing

What does pastoral nomadism involve

domesticated animals

what was the first agricultural revolution?

domestication of plants and animals

besides food, what else can crops be used for

drugs + bio-fuels

Where is pastoral nomadism mainly found?

dry areas; North Africa/SW Asia

What is horticulture?

farming of vegetables, flowers and fruits

What does the second ring of the Thunen model represent?

forestry

What is a GMO?

genetically modified organism

What do pastoral nomads eat and why?

grain (which they trade for) . they don't eat their animals because they provide milk, wool, skin (which can be traded or used)

What was the third agricultural revolution

green revolution

double cropping

harvesting twice a year from the same field

what are some of the negatives of GMO's

health problems (unknown problems as well), export problems (many countries shun GMO's), increased dependency on U.S.

Why is wheat the most important grain?

higher price and stores easily, nutritious, used for export, major source of income

What type of land is best for Mediterranean farming?

hilly areas near oceans

Before agriculture how did humans obtain food?

hunting and gathering

chaff

husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing

What is the difference between hybrid seeds and GMO's?

hybrid seeds happen naturally and through cross breeding (as it did in the fertile crescent) and GMO's have their genetic material mixed with 2 or more species that could NOT happen in nature

sustainable farming

in theory can be done forever

What are some of the pros of GMO's

increased nutrition, higher yields, pest ressistence

what was the second agricultural revolution?

industrial revolution-> tractors!! people use machines to produce foods

What made the green revolution so revolutionary?

invention of more productive agricultural

Future of shifting cultivation and why? What will replace it?

it will decrease because of advancements in technology and logging, cattle ranching, and cash crops

how is dietary energy consumption measured

kilocalories

What are some of the products of Med. Farming?

labor intensive, olives, grapes, fruits, and veggies

plantation farming

large commercial farms that specialize In one or two crops

What does high population density result to?

little farmland per person lots of workers, little money for machines

What does sustainable farming lead to?

lower costs, which in turn leads to lower revenue

What has overproduction led to?

lower incomes for farmers

What types of tools do commercial farmers use?

mechanized tools (TRACTORS!!)

What is the most common farming style in US

mixed crop and livestock farming

where is intensive AG found that does not include wet rice

mostly dry parts of asia

Where was agriculture invented?

multiple hearths

How many crops do plantations usually specialize in?

one or two, sold to developed country

What does government do when prices are low?

pay farmers

Because agriculture was invented in multiple hearths, this means that...

people have produced food in distinctive ways and in different ways

Mixed crop and livestock farming

picture of a farm in case any one is confused

where is wheat grown? what kind of areas?

places where it is too dry for mixed crop and livestock farming

how is wet rice planted

planted on dry land, and moved to a SAWAH (flooded field)

What is a large herd a symbol of ?

power/prestige

Commercial farming and fruit farming

predominant in Southeast long growing season

Where can one find Mediterranean farming?

predominant in lands bordering Mediterranean sea and California

What does it mean to "swidden"

prepare the land with hand tools

What is the goal of commercial farming?

profit

What products does asia specialize in

rubber and palm oil

transhumanance

seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

why is there an increased dependency on the US when it comes to GMO's

seeds are patented and cant be saved (example, if a GMO seed blows into a neighboring farm and starts to grow the owner of the neighboring farm could be sued)

What 3 methods does sustainable farming practice?

sensitive land management (no plowing the soil), limited use of chemicals, integrated crops/livestock -> all leads to more work but better soil and water quality

What are the types of subsistence farming?

shifting cultivation, pastoral nomadism, intensive labor (with (without) wet rice, (transition) plantation farming

nickname for shifting cultivation

slash and burn

Desertification

soil is depleted due to overuse - over 10,000 sq miles lost/year

What do farmers do with the occasional surplus of food in subsistence farming ?

sold/traded

what is the solution to lower incomes of farmers?

subsidies

what do supporters say about shifting cultivation? Critics?

supporters- most environmentally efficient approach critics- inefficient

aquafarming (aquaculture)

the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

paddy

the malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah

hull

the outer covering of a seed

subsistence farmers face what problems due to rapid population growth?

they must feed more people

Pressure to contribute to international trade means what for subsistence farmers?

they must increasingly grow crops to export rather than to consume at home

thresh

to beat out grain from stalks

winnow

to remove chaff by allowing it to be blown by the wind

in Commercial farming and fruit farming, the fruit mainly goes where?

to the Northeast

Where is a plantation typically found? What type of climate?

tropical and subtropical

what is Commercial farming and fruit farming AKA

truck farming

crop rotation

used to keep from exhausting the soil

How much land is wasted in intensive subsistence AG with wet rice?

virtually none

in Grain farming what is the most popular grain grown

wheat

3 important CEREAL grains

wheat, corn, rice (wheaties, corn flakes, rice krispies)

Most important grains (in intensive AG)

wheat, then barley

Where is livestock farming practiced

where it is too dry for crops