ch. 10 and 12 test

what became in demand as trade increased?

gold and silver coins

vernacular

the language of everyday speech in a particular region

in the year ______, the ________ _________ recognized the rights and obligations of the kings and vassals

1215, magna carta

King ___________ was known for trying to bring justice to the people

Louis IX

who was the best known saxon king of germany?

Otto I

who initiated the hundred years war?

Philip VI of france

pope __________ framed the crusades as a quest to free jerusalem and the holy land from ___________, or unbelievers

Urban II, infidels

interdict

a decree by the pope that forbade priests from giving the sacraments of the Church to the people

carruca

a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare

scholasticism

a medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason

common law

a uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes; replaced law codes that varied from place to place

patrician

a wealthy, powerful landowner

the crusades were fought by knights who were motivated by the promise of _________ and __________ zeal

adventure, religious

how was the capetian dynasty of french kings formed?

after the last Carolingian ruler dies, the west frankish nobles made Hugh Capet the king

taille

an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French Monarchy

infidel

an unbeliever; a term applied to the Muslims during the Crusades

in the first crusade, european christians captured ____________ in 1098. in June 1099, they reached _________ and killed many of its inhabitants

antioch, jerusalem

the last two crusades ended in france's defeat by ____________. king louis IX later died of the __________.

baybars, plague

the monastic leader _____________ inspired leaders such as ____________ of france to enter into a failed second crusade

bernard of clairvaux, king louis VII

what were the first three european universities?

bologna, university of paris, university of oxford

relics

bones or other objects connected with saints; considered to be worthy of worship by the faithful

at the end of the ______________, two ships sank in a storm. the children on the other five ships were sold into ________ in north africa

child crusade, slavery

anti-Semitism

hostility toward or discrimination against Jews

serf

in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control

manor

in medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked

chivalry

in the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility; it was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold

in the 1200s, Pope _____________ used tools such as the ___________ to bring the Church to the height of its political power

innocent III, interdict

the church's ______________ sometimes used _________ to extract confessions of heresy and used executions to punish it

inquisition, torture

the __________ controversy, which was initiated by a decree from Pope Gregory VII in 1075, ended in an 1122 compromise called the _________________.

investiture, concordat of worms

what is significant about the song of roland?

it is one of the earliest and best examples of the heroic epic

feudalism

political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service

caught up in disputes with the ___________ in italy, and the ________ in german lands, the emperor had no real power in either part of his empire

pope, lords

the crusades benefitted some italian _____ cities, and helped cause the end of _________ and the emergence of nation-states

port, feudalism

what features characterized the basilicas of the late roman empire?

rectangular buildings with flat wooden roofs

in europe, pilgrims often traveled to rome or santiago de compostela, which housed the _________ of several of the _______________

relics, apostles

in the late 1000s and early 1100s, a wave of ___________ enthusiasm led to a rise in monasteries and monastic ___________

religious, orders

sons of Eleanor and Henry II

richard and john

in the middle ages, the church played a large role in everyday life; the _____________ guided people from birth to death, and included baptism, the Eucharist, and marriage

sacraments

medieval christians dedicated churches to __________ and venerated __________, objects connected with saints

saints, relics

in 1187 jerusalem fell to ____________'s muslim forces, prompting the __________ led by ____________, who negotiated a settlement that gave christian pilgrims free access to jerusalem

saladin, third crusade, richard I

in return for fighting in the crusade, the pope promised forgiveness of _______.

sins

the _________ people of __________ europe divided into three major groups, each of which formed new kingdoms

slavic, central

what inventions created cavalry and knights?

stirrups and larger horses (led to chainmail)

what features characterized gothic cathedrals?

tall, soaring towers made possible by the use of round ribbed vaults and pointed arches and flying buttress. thin walls with stained glass windows

magna carta

the "Great Charter" of rights, which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymede in 1215

what happened in 1066?

the battle of hastings

heresy

the denial of basic Church doctrines

what was the result of the vikings converted to christianity?

they became a part of european civilization

how did ferdinand and isabella unify spain?

they forced jews to convert to christianity or leave spain (reconquesta)

why would merchants build settlements near castles?

they were located along trade routes and the lords would offer protection

why were the Vikings able to attack places far inland?

they were superb shipbuilders and sailors

what was the most popular vernacular literate of the 1100s?

troubadour poetry

fief

under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within his fief

vassal

under feudalism, a man who served a lord in a military capacity

knight

under feudalism, a member of the heavily armed cavalry

the ___________ order of monks was one of the first to take their religion to people outside the monastery

cistercian

1/3 of europe died, violence towards jews, decline in trade, shortage of workers, benefits for peasants

consequences of black death

in the fourth crusade, western forces sacked __________ and destroyed the power of the ____________ empire

constantinople, byzantine

some eastern slavic people were converted to _________________ by the missionary brothers, _________ and __________

eastern orthodox, cyril, methodius

what caused the increase in population from the early middle ages to the high middle ages?

europe was more settled and peaceful, food production increased because of climate change, the carruca, three field crop rotation

how did the bubonic plague spread throughout europe?

flea-infested rats brought the plague through trade routes from kaffa to the rest of europe

____________ monks preached simplicity, took vows of poverty, and aided the poor, while ___________ also lived in poverty and battled ____________

franciscan, dominicans, heresy

what did the Parliaments of Edward I accomplish?

granted taxes, discussed politics, and passed laws

medieval trade association, developed in the Baltic and North Sea region

hanseatic league

how did king henry VII strengthen the english monarchy?

he abolished private armies and did not overburden the nobles and middle class with taxes

how did venice and other italian cities become major trading centers in the mediterranean?

mercantile fleet (fleet of trading ships)

crusades

military expeditions carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims

king henry II expanded the power of the English ____________; he strengthened the power of the royal _______ and struggled for power over the _________ __________.

monarchy, courts, catholic church

William of ________ conquered england in the year _______.

normandy, 1066

where did merchants (and eventually craftspeople and artisans) settle after the revival of trade and cities?

old roman cities

king ________ and his successors attempted to rule both Germany and _________ as the __________ empire

otto I, italy, holy roman

medieval popes controlled the ______________ in italy, and bishops were often _________ to nobles

papal states, vassals

the establishment of the ________ brought representative government to england

parliament

king __________ fought english dominance and gained control of several french territories

philip II augustus

king ________ created a french parliament

philip IV (philip the fair)

christians also made _________ to shrines, the greatest of which, they believed, was the holy city of ____________

pilgrimmages, jerusalem

after the death of Gregory XI, italian cardinals and french cardinals each elected their own pope. an effort to resolve the problem resulted in the election of a third pope

the great schism

bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists and professional people

lay investiture

the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their office

what helped revive cities?

the revival of trade

theology

the study of religion and God

west frankish lands, eastern frankish lands, and the middle kingdom

what are the names of the three lands divided among charlemagne's grandsons following his death?

normandy

what did the ruler of the west frankish lands give to a band of vikings in 911?

____________, the first russian state, ended in 1169

kievan rus

what group of people were the "backbone" of European aristocracy?

knights

what features characterized romanesque churches?

long round arched vaulted roofs in the shape of a cross. massive pillars, thick walls, intersecting barrel vaults. few windows

what were the responsibilities of women in the middle ages?

manage the estate (when the husband was away), oversee the food supply

what is the idea at the heart of feudalism?

vassalage

how did Philip IV make the monarchy stronger?

he expanded the royal bureaucracy

the crusades provided a backdrop for the persecution of ______ who suffered periodic __________, or defamatory statements, attacks, and expulsions

jews, libels

how was the hundred years war won?

joan of arc, use of cannon ball (french won)

feudal contract

under feudalism, the unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal

what did the magna carta say?

a monarch's power was limited, not absolute

what was the effect of marriages between normans and anglo-saxons?

a new english language

estate

a social or political class

chanson de geste

a type of vernacular literature, this heroic epic was popular in medieval Europe and described battles and political contests

how did thomas aquinas's summa theological attempt to reconcile aristotle with christian doctrine?

he used logic and scholarly investigation

what was anselm of canterbury's most significant contribution to scholasticism?

he used reason to argue to existence of god

what was Otto I's reward for protecting the pope?

he was crowned emperor of rome

the abbess __________ was an important contributor to a type of music known as __________ chant

hildegard, gregorian

new monarchy

in the fifteenth century, government in which power had been centralized under a king or queen, i.e., France, England, Spain

parliament

in thirteenth-century England, the representative government that emerged; it was composed of two knights from every county, two people from every town, and all the nobles and bishops throughout England

how did the counts of Champagne encourage trade?

initiated a series of annual trade fairs

what did king louis XI do to strengthen the french monarchy?

use of the taille, curbed the power of french nobles, added new territory, promoted industry and commerce

the eastern slavs who lived in present-day Ukraine and Russia were conquered by ___________, who were in turn conquered by ____________

vikings, mongols