CH 10 Biodiversity: Animals

How many of the animal phyla include single-celled animals?

0

Approximately how long is a human pregnant?

40 weeks

The first animals evolved

600 million years ago

What are the four embryonic characteristics found in all chordates?

A hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal slits, and a tail

Which one of the following is a defining characteristic of animals but not of plants? A) Animals, but not plants, are heterotrophs B) Animals, but not plants, are eukaryotes C) Animals, but not plants, are autotrophs D) Animals, but not plants, are prokaryotes

A) Animals, but not plants, are heterotrophs

Which feature(s) are shared by both a sea star and a human, but not a jellyfish? A) Both are bilaterally symmetrical B) Both are cephalopods C) Both lack a coelom D) Both are mammals E) Both are chordates

A) Both are bilaterally symmetrical

Which of the following statements about bird evolution are accurate based on the evidence presented? Select all that apply. A) Feathers may have originally evolved for interspecies communication and display. B) The evolution of feathers and other characteristics of birds occurred in a linear progression. C) Feathers may have originally evolved for insulation. D) Feathered birds, capable of flight, evolved after the extinction of dinosaurs.

A) Feathers may have originally evolved for interspecies communication and display. C) Feathers may have originally evolved for insulation.

Which of the following best describes cnidarians? A) They have radial body symmetry, tissues, and stinging cells. B) They are asymmetrical and have tissues and stinging cells. C) They have radial body symmetry, lack tissues, but have stinging cells. D) They have radial body symmetry and tissues but lack stinging cells.

A) They have radial body symmetry, tissues, and stinging cells.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sponges? A) bilateral symmetry B) lack tissues C) simplest animals D) sessile

A) bilateral symmetry

Which of the following is a cephalopod? A) octopus B) clam C) jellyfish D) snail

A) octopus

The 150-million-year-old Archaeopteryx fossil has birdlike features such as feathered wings, but it also has characteristics that we associate with living reptiles. Select all of the following that is considered reptilian characteristics of Archaeopteryx. A) teeth in the jaws B) wings supported by elongated fourth digits C) claws on the ends of each digit in the "hands" D) long, bony tail

A) teeth in the jaws C) claws on the ends of each digit in the "hands" D) long, bony tail

How old is the oldest fossil we have food of our own species, Homo sapiens?

About 300 thousand years old

On which continent would you have seen the earliest members of Homo sapiens?

Africa

The first primates on earth lived in

Africa

List the correct order for the development and migration of pre-historic man.

Africa-->Asia-->Europe-->Australia

________ are tetrapods that live on land but must return to the water to reproduce.

Amphibians

What is the main difference between amphibians and reptiles?

Amphibians are tied to water for reproduction, while reptiles have amniotic eggs that can survive on dry land.

What is a key morphological difference between fish and amphibians?

Amphibians have strong muscular and skeletal systems to support their body on land.

Which characteristic is found in all arthropods?

An exoskeleton made of chitin

Serial repetition of segments is a defining characteristic of which worm phylum?

Annelids

What defines radial symmetry?

Any plane of symmetry passing through the center of the organism splits it into equal halves.

Which arthropod subgroup includes the spiders?

Arachnids

Which of the following correctly lists the kingdom, phylum, class, and order for humans? A) Animalia, mammalia, chordata, primates B) Animalia, chordata, mammalia, primates C) Mammalia, animalia, primates, chordate D) Primates, mammalia, chordate, animalia

B) Animalia, chordata, mammalia, primates

Which of the following statements regarding apes is NOT true? A) Chimpanzees have large brains and display complex behavior. B) Orangutans are the closest living living relatives to humans. C) Gorillas are the largest of the apes. D) Anthropoids have opposable thumbs that allow to form fists and grasp.

B) Orangutans are the closest living living relatives to humans.

Which of the following phyla is the most diverse and numerous of all animal phyla? A) The echinoderms B) The arthropods C) The mollusks D) The cnidarians

B) The arthropods

Which of the following is NOT an example of an ape? A) orangutans B) baboon C) chimpanzee D) gorilla

B) baboon

Which of the following shared characteristics of living birds and theropod dinosaurs provided support to the hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs? Select all that apply. A) all birds and theropods could fly B) birds and theropods have S-shaped necks C) birds and theropods have hollow bones that are strong, but light D) birds and many theropods have a wishbone (or furcula) E) like theropod dinosaurs, birds have long, bony tails under their feathers F) birds and many theropods have feathers

B) birds and theropods have S-shaped necks C) birds and theropods have hollow bones that are strong, but light D) birds and many theropods have a wishbone (or furcula) F) birds and many theropods have feathers

Which of the following animals is NOT a crustacean? A) lobster B) clam C) shrimp D) crab

B) clam

Which of the following animals lack a body cavity? A) chordate B) cnidarian C) echinoderm D) arthropod

B) cnidarian

Which of the following is an example of a gastropod? A) clam B) snail C) starfish D) squid

B) snail

Which of the following is NOT a bivalve? A) oyster B) starfish C) clam D) mussel

B) starfish

Which of the following animals is an example of an invertebrate chordate? A) slug B) tunicate C) frog D) shark

B) tunicate

Which of the following features are common to most, or all, animals? Select the four that apply. A) typically haploid B) typically diploid C) multicellular D) ingest food E) heterotrophic F) autotrophic G) absorb food H) unicellular

B) typically diploid C) multicellular D) ingest food E) heterotrophic

________ are nocturnal, winged mammals that use ________ for navigation and hunting.

Bats; echolocation

Which worm phylum(s) lacks body segmentation?

Both flatworms and roundworms

Which of the following scenarios will most likely produce the most sustainable method of pollinating crops? A) Alternate fields of wheat and apple trees. B) In an apple orchard, only apply pesticides during the spring. C) Include strips of wildflowers within and around an apple orchard. D) Surround an apple orchard with large fields of wheat.

C) Include strips of wildflowers within and around an apple orchard.

Which of these embryonic offspring develop in their mother's pouch following their birth? A) Primates B) Monotremes C) Marsupials D) Eutherians

C) Marsupials

Which of the following is a key characteristic of all vertebrates? A) Jaws B) Exoskeleton C) Skull and backbone D) Gills

C) Skull and backbone

Which of the following best describes sponges? A) They are symmetrical, have tissues, and do not move. B) They are symmetrical, lack tissues, and do not move. C) They are asymmetrical, lack tissues, and do not move. D) They are asymmetrical, have tissues, and do not move.

C) They are asymmetrical, lack tissues, and do not move.

Which of the following best describes mollusks? A) They have radial body symmetry and a soft body sometimes covered with a shell. B) They have radial body symmetry and a soft body always covered with a shell. C) They are bilaterally symmetrical and have a soft body sometimes covered with a shell. D) They are bilaterally symmetrical and have a soft body always covered with a shell.

C) They are bilaterally symmetrical and have a soft body sometimes covered with a shell.

Which of the following is a key feature of primates? A) They are endotherms. B) They give birth to live young. C) They have a brain that is large in relation to their body. D) They have mammary glands.

C) They have a brain that is large in relation to their body.

Which of the following statements regarding bats is NOT true? A) winged mammal B) use echolocation C) ectothermic D) nocturnal

C) ectothermic

Which of the following animals are amniotes? A) echinoderms B) bony and cartilaginous fishes C) reptiles and mammals D) amphibians

C) reptiles and mammals

Fish are in the phylum

Chordata

Humans belong to the phylum

Chordates

What is the function of the water vascular system found in echinoderms?

Circulation, gas exchange, and movement

Which of the following is not a primate? A) Lemurs B) Apes C) Monkeys D) All are primates.

D) All are primates.

Which of the following features are used to identify chordates? A) A tail during embryonic development B) A notochord C) A hollow nerve cord D) All of the above are features used to identify chordates.

D) All of the above are features used to identify chordates.

Which of the following groups are mollusks? A) Cephalopods B) Gastropods C) Bivalves D) All of the above are groups of mollusks

D) All of the above are groups of mollusks

Which of the following groups is NOT a type of mammal? A) Marsupials B) Monotremes C) Eutherians D) All of the above are types of mammals

D) All of the above are types of mammals

Although exceptions do exist, which is a distinctively amphibian trait? A) Respiration occurs through the skin. B) Skin is smooth with no scales, feathers, or hair. C) Juveniles have gills, and adults have lungs. D) All of these are distinctive amphibian traits.

D) All of these are distinctive amphibian traits.

Which of the following characteristics allowed early reptiles the ability to fully occupy land? A) Seeds B) Metamorphosis C) Light, honeycombed bones D) Amniotic eggs

D) Amniotic eggs

What is an amniotic egg? A) A type of egg that amphibians have B) A type of egg that all reptiles share C) A type of egg that contains a fluid to provide an aquatic habitat for the embryo to develop D) Both B and C are correct

D) Both B and C are correct

Which of the following is human's closest living relative? A) Gorillas B) Baboons C) Gibbons D) Chimpanzees

D) Chimpanzees

Which group of fishes evolved first (in other words, is most ancient)? A) Lobe-finned fishes B) Cartilaginous fishes C) Bony fishes D) Jawless fishes

D) Jawless fishes

Which is most closely related to the hagfishes? A) Cartilaginous fishes B) Tunicates C) Lancelets D) Lampreys

D) Lampreys

What do sponges and cnidarians have in common? A) Mobility B) Symmetry C) Organization of cells into tissues D) None of the above are characteristics that sponges and cnidarians share

D) None of the above are characteristics that sponges and cnidarians share

Which of the following group is most closely related to mammals? A) Amphibians B) Cartilaginous fishes C) Lancelets D) Reptiles

D) Reptiles

Which chordate trait evolved first? A) Calcium-hardened skeleton B) Four limbs C) Amniotic egg D) Skull and backbone

D) Skull and backbone

Which of the following animals exhibits radial symmetry? A) roundworm B) mollusk C) sponge D) cnidarian

D) cnidarian

Which of the following is an example of an invertebrate chordate? A) lamprey B) hagfish C) lungfish D) lancelet

D) lancelet

Which of the following is an example of a marsupial? A) salamander B) jellyfish C) gorilla D) opossum

D) opossum

Which of the following is NOT an echinoderm? A) sea urchin B) sea star C) brittle star D) oyster

D) oyster

A key characteristic of modern birds is flight powered by feathered wings. Which of the following pieces of evidence support the hypothesis that the first feathers served a purpose other than flight? A) Archaeopteryx had flight feathers B) some birds have feathers but do not fly C) bats fly but do not have feathers D) some feathered theropods were not capable of flight

D) some feathered theropods were not capable of flight

Australopithecus afrarensis was the earliest hominin to display the trait of bipedalism. In which country were their remains unearthed?

Ethiopia

Humans belong to which subgroup of mammals?

Eutherians

True or False? All mammals live on land.

False

True or False? The majority of animals of the planet are vertebrates.

False

Which phylum of worms has members with a simple gastrovascular cavity rather than a complete digestive tract?

Flatworms

Which type of worm lacks a complete digestive tract?

Flatworms

Sort each feature to the appropriate worm phylum. Phylum: Flatworms; Annelids, Roundworms Feature: closed circulatory system; an outer coating that is periodically shed; eyespots; gastrovascular cavity with a single opening; segmentation

Flatworms: gastrovascular cavity with a single opening; eyespots Annelids: closed circulatory system; segmentation Roundworms: an outer coating that is periodically shed

The earliest hominin to use fire was

Homo erectus

What was the first species of hominins to migrate out of Africa to other countries?

Homo erectus

________ had a larger brain than earlier species and was the first hominin species to migrate from Africa to other continents.

Homo erectus

Modern day humans are

Homo sapiens

Which arthropod subgroup includes animals with six legs?

Insects

What is the evolutionary advantage of having a segmented body?

It allows for greater flexibility and more complex movements.

What is the radula's function in mollusks?

It cuts and scrapes up food.

What is the oldest (in other words, most ancient) primate group?

Lemurs

What characterizes terrestrial tetrapods?

Lives on land, has four limbs

Which group of fishes gave rise to the amphibians?

Lobe-finned fishes

Which characteristic do all mollusks have?

Mantle

Which subgroup of mammals raises their young in pouches?

Marsupials

_______ have soft bodies often encased within a hard shell.

Mollusks

What is the main difference between monotremes and eutherians?

Monotremes lay eggs, while eutherians give birth to live young.

What are the key characteristics of arthropods?

Segmented bodies, tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages

_______ have the longest evolutionary history of the major animal groups living today.

Sponges

Identify the animal phylum to which each example or characteristic belongs. Phylum: Sponges; Cnidarians; Mollusks; Echinoderms; Flatworms; Arthropods; Chordates Example/Characteristic: sea star (starfish); tapeworm; jelly (jellyfish); fruit fly; Homo sapien; body segments and hard exoskeleton; radial symmetry, gastrovascular cavity; no body symmetry, central cavity; giant clam; contain tail, nerve cord, notochord, and pharyngeal slits; water vascular system, internal skeleton, and spiny body surface

Sponges: no body symmetry, central cavity Cnidarians: jelly (jellyfish); radial symmetry, gastrovascular cavity Mollusks: giant clam Echinoderms: sea star (starfish); water vascular system, internal skeleton, and spiny body surface Flatworms: tapeworm Arthropods: body segments and hard exoskeleton; fruit fly Chordates: Homo sapien; contain tail, nerve cord, notochord, and pharyngeal slits

Which specialized structures are unique to the cnidarians?

Stinging cells

Many, though not all, mollusks have a shell. What secretes the shell?

The mantle

What is used to identify the different animal phyla?

The presence of specific body features

Compared to mammals and reptiles, what characteristic prevents amphibians from surviving far from water?

Their eggs do not have an amnion to prevent them from drying out.

What happened during the Cambrian explosion?

There was a rapid diversification of animal forms.

What do hammerhead sharks have in common with goldfish?

They both have a lateral line system.

What is the function of the lateral line system?

To detect movement in the surrounding water

What is the function of a fish's operculum?

To protects the gills

True or False? Birds are a type of reptile.

True

How do bony fish regulate buoyancy?

With an air-filled swim bladder

The body of a mollusk usually has three main parts:

a muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle

All vertebrates have

a skull and a backbone

The _______, a key adaptation for reptiles, has a waterproof shell that encloses the embryo and its life-support system.

amniotic egg

A group of animals called _______ have several adaptations for living on land but must return to the water to breed.

amphibians

Which phylum of worms includes the leeches?

annelids

Insects are classified as

arthropods

One key adaptation of animals was the evolution of a(n) _______, a fluid-filled gap between the outer wall of the body and the outer wall of the digestive system.

body cavity

A stingray is a

cartilaginous fish

The first vertebrates with jaws were the

cartilaginous fishes

Aquatic mammals are classified as ________, and they evolved from ________ ancestors.

cetaceans; land-dwelling

The phylum _______ contains animals that share four specific anatomical features, including a hollow nerve cord and a tail.

chordate

The echinoderms are most closely related to the

chordates

What type of animal is a coral?

cnidarian

Sea anemones, hydras, corals, and jellies are all classified as

cnidarians

The main functional unit, or super organism, of a honeybee hive is the

colony

How do humans become infected with Trichinella spiralis?

eating undercooked pork

What is a starfish?

echinoderm

All vertebrates have a(n) _______, an internal system of bones (in your case, 206 bones).

endoskeleton

A(n) _______ is an organism that generates heat within its body; a(n) _______ is an organism that must obtain heat from the environment.

endotherm; ectotherm

All animals are _______, organisms with cells that are relatively large, complex, and contain membrane-enclosed organelles such as the nucleus.

eukaryotes

Echinoderms can be best described as

eukaryotic heterotrophs with tissue, bilateral symmetry as larva, and a water vascular system

The first vertebrates to evolve were

fish

The body symmetry of adult echinoderms could best be described as

fivefold symmetrical

Phylum Platyhelminthes contains the

flatworms

The first animals that evolved bilateral symmetry are the

flatworms

The greatest number of animals in the Phylum Mollusca are

gastropods

The most numerous group of mollusks are

gastropods

All mammals ________ and ________.

have hair; produce milk

All mammals

have mammary glands and hair

All animals eat other organisms in order to gain building materials for the body. This makes them _______, since they obtain necessary energy and chemical building blocks from the environment.

heterotrophs

All animals are ________, whereas plants are ________.

heterotrophs; autotrophs

Species (extinct and current) located on the human branch of the evolutionary tree of life are called

hominins

The opossum is the only North American marsupial. The embryos of this mammal develop

in its mother's pouch

A(n) _______ is an animal that lacks a backbone and may or may not have all of the chordate features.

invertebrate

The vast majority of all animals are

invertebrates

How did Dr. Jack Horner's discovery of dinosaur nesting grounds support the hypothesis that birds evolved from a group of dinosaurs?

it provided evidence that dinosaurs raised and cared for their young in colonies like many birds

A(n) _______ is an example of an animal that is a chordate but not a vertebrate.

lancelet

What structure secretes the shell in a mollusk?

mantle

The continued decline of bees in the United States is most likely due to

many factors, including viral, bacterial, and fungal infections and improper use of pesticides

Sponges are mostly found in

marine ecosystems

A swimming-form cnidarian is termed

medusa

Some restaurants serve seafood platters that contain oysters, mussels, and clams. Such platters therefore consist of

mollusks

One of the features shared by all chordates is a(n) _______, a flexible rod that runs along the top side of the back.

notochord

Being a heterotroph means ________.

obtaining your food by eating other organisms

What structure covers the gills in fish?

operculum

In parts of Asia, many fruit crops are pollinated by hand using feathers. This human method of pollination is used because

overuse of pesticides has greatly reduced the populations of bees

For dinner, you have pasta with tomato sauce and meatballs, with cheese sprinkled on top. Which of these four is most likely to have been produced without bees?

pasta

The group of mammals to which humans are the closest kin

primates

The terms anthropoid and nonanthropoid refer to

primates

The first animals evolved from

protists

Cnidarians are the only animal phylum to display _______, meaning that their bodies can be divided any way through the center point to yield two even halves. All other adult animals display _______, meaning that their bodies can only be sliced lengthwise through the midline to produce two even halves.

radial symmetry; bilateral symmetry

What structure is used by snails for feeding?

radula

The process by which sea stars and some echinoderms can replace a missing part is called

regeneration

Adaptations that evolved in the group of animals called the _______ have allowed them to complete their life cycles entirely on land.

reptiles

Nematodes are

roundworms

The division of a body along its length into a series of repeated parts is known as

segmentation

Gastropods are the most numerous group of mollusks and include the

snails and slugs

The first animals on earth were

sponges

Suckers and hooks are a characteristic of

tapeworms

A four-limbed, land-dwelling vertebrate is generally known as a(n)

tetrapod

What does the term sessile mean?

the animal cannot move

Why was the discovery of organisms, such as Archaeopteryx, that have a mix of traits usually associated with two different groups considered validation of Darwin's theory of evolution?

the discovery provided evidence that species descend with modification from other species

Which body form of the cnidarians is sessile?

the polyp

Which discovery ultimately overturned the prevailing perception that all dinosaurs were large, slow, and lumbering?

the small theropod dinosaur Deinonychus, which had a large sickle-shaped claw on each of its hind limbs

A key characteristic of echinoderms is

their endoskeleton

Worms all appear to be closely related but have distinct evolutionary histories, resulting in the classification of worms into ________ phyla.

three

All animals except sponges have _______, groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

tissues

The first major branch point in the evolution of animals was the appearance of

tissues

What does a fish use a swim bladder for?

to maintain buoyancy in water

A(n) _______ is an animal that has a backbone in addition to displaying the four features of all chordates.

vertebrate

Most chordates are

vertebrates

Collectively, all of the internal organs in a snail:

visceral mass