Ch. 10 Muscular Tissue (ORION)

_____ applies to smooth muscle tissue. (4)

- Contains intermediate filaments - Has dense bodies instead of Z discs - Has caveolae - Lacks transverse tubules

What is/are associated with intercalated discs in cardiac muscle tissue? (2)

- Desmosomes - Gap junction

Anabolic steroids, also known as androgenic steroids, promote growth and develop masculine characteristics. What type of actions do anabolic steroids take on skeletal muscles? (2)

- Inhibit breakdown of muscle tissue - Increase protein synthesis

What does cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle have in common? (4)

- Myosin - Actin - A band - Z discs

Lactic acid can be converted into all of the following except ____.

- Pyruvic acid - Glycogen - Glucose . - Oxygen ??

_____ accompany loss of muscle mass. (3)

- Slowing of muscle reflexes - Loss of flexibility - Decrease in maximal strength

An increase in Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm is required for contraction in _____ muscle. (3)

- Smooth - Cardiac - Skeletal muscle

Hypertrophy can occur in _____ muscle. (3)

- Smooth - Cardiac - Skeletal muscle

The force created in contractions depends on cross-bridge contacts and cycling in _____ muscle. (2)

- Smooth - Skeletal

Strength and endurance training can provide many health benefits such as _____. (4)

- Stronger bones - Increased flexibility - Injury prevention - Improved physical form

At what age does the slow, progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass occur?

30 - 50 years of age

Motor unit size can indicate the precision of fine motor skills. In muscles of the eye, fine motor control is important. One motor neuron may control _____.

4-6 muscle cells

The epimysium surrounds _____.

?

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that slowly destroys receptors at the motor end plate. Which types of receptors are destroyed?

ACh

When resting, which skeletal muscle protein does not associate with the others?

Actin Myosin ?

What is myosin light-chain kinase function?

Adds phosphate to the myosin head

A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and _____.

All the muscle cells the motor neuron innervates

_____ provides enough energy for approximately 45 seconds of contractions.

Anaerobic cellular respiration

Skeletal muscle cramps most likely _____.

Are caused by an accumulation of lactic acid

The _____ are unique to thoracic vertebrae.

Articular facets of the ribs

Three athletes' muscle fibers were analyzed in their leg muscles. Which athlete is probably a sprinter? Athlete 1 had 70% slow oxidative and 30% fast oxidative. Athlete 2 had 58% slow oxidative and 42% fast oxidative. Athlete 3 had 25% slow oxidative and 75% fast oxidative.

Athlete 3

The vertebra, _____, has a process called a dens that allows for rotational movement.

C2

What event occurs during cardiac muscle cell contractions?

Ca2+ cause a conformational change in troponin, which moves tropomyosin. Ca2+ bind to calmodulin, leading to activation of myosin light-chain kinase. Ca2+ are transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the interstitial fluid. ???

What event occurs during the latent period?

Calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Muscle cells shorten. An action potential moves from the neuron to the muscle cell. ???

What muscles is/are controlled by the autonomic nervous system? (2)

Cardiac and smooth

In twitch contractions, the tension rises and calcium ions bind to troponin during the _____ period.

Contraction

_____ provides enough energy for approximately 15 seconds of contractions.

Creatine phosphate

What somatic region will develop into the dermis?

Dermatome

Somites develop and are arranged on either side of the _____.

Developing nervous system

The perimysium surrounds _____.

Fascicles?

_____ can do work for a moderate length of time such as a 200 meter dash.

Fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers

An individual was able to perform normal activities, but was unable to keep up with individuals 4 or 5 years younger than he. His heart was enlarged (cardiomyopathy) and his calf muscles were enlarged. Based on these few symptoms, how did the muscles get larger?

Hypertrophy

Cardiac muscle fibers can undergo _____ in response to an increased workload.

Hypertrophy

When muscle cells produce new thick and thin filaments, they get larger in size. This is _____.

Hypertrophy

Cross-bridges produce enough tension to overcome resistance and shorten in _____.

In a concentric isotonic contraction

Transverse tubules are filled with _____.

Interstitial fluid

When a cell generates more pyruvic acid than it can use, it is converted into a related three-carbon molecule called _____ acid.

Lactic

Which type of channels are ACh receptors?

Ligand-gated ion channels

_____ is considered the motor protein because it can hydrolyze ATP.

Myosin

A single motor unit will innervate _____.

One fiber type

Rotation of the myosin head toward the M line occurs during the _____.

Power stroke

ATP causes detachment of myosin heads and the movement of calcium ions from the sarcoplasm during the _____.

Relaxation period

The basic functional unit of a myofibril is a/an _____.

Sarcomere

In smooth muscle most of the calcium comes from _____.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum and interstitial fluid

Regeneration of damaged skeletal muscle cells occurs via _____.

Satellite cells

In a study with mice, satellite cells' productivity can increase in the presence of testosterone. What muscle type cross-section could increase?

Skeletal

Humans normally undergo a slow progressive loss of _____ after the age of 30.

Skeletal muscle mass

_____ muscle is responsible for controlling blood pressure.

Smooth

As mesoderm develops it undergoes segmentation and forms _____.

Somites

What disorder causes sustained contraction of skeletal muscles that usually affects neck and throat muscles first?

Tetanus

Connective tissues in skeletal muscles function in _____.

regulating frequency of muscle contractions storing creatine phosphate transmitting mechanical force depolarizing the membrane

When a sarcomere shortens, shortening of the _____ happens.

shortening of the A band C : shortening of the I band D : shortening of actin ??

Cardiac muscle

voluntary stabilizes joints possesses autorhythmicity ???