Ch 10 Review
Which of the following is a common example of a nonfoliated metamorphic rock? shale schist slate marble
Marble
Fossils are never preserved in metamorphic rocks because heat and pressure destroy them.
True
Currently, sediments that could someday turn into sedimentary rocks are accumulating relatively slowly. not at all today. very rapidly. as fast as they appear to have in the past.
relatively slowly.
Igneous rocks like granite and basalt are often used for statues and important buildings because they...
...are very weather resistant.
A type of rock that appears to have been changed from its original form is called...
...metamorphic.
The original rock that was altered to form a metamorphic rock is the...
...source rock.
High quality marble rock would most likely be used for...
...veneer stone on large government buildings.
According to young-earth geologists, the original igneous rocks...
...were probably granite.
Cement and concrete are composed mainly of igneous rocks.
False
Fossils are commonly found in granite.
False
Shale is a sedimentary rock formed by the deposition of sediments with very large clast sizes.
False
_____ is a type of rock that is so smooth and shiny that it is called volcanic glass.
Obsidian
A rock sample that has shiny, flaky outer layers or wavy bands of color through its interior is likely a foliated metamorphic rock.
True
Animals seek places under rocks for shelter, for temperature control, and for food.
True
Most rocks are a mixture of two or more minerals.
True
The traditional rock cycle fits better with an old-earth worldview than a young-earth view.
True
Deposits of halite that penetrate vertically through rock strata are called salt _____.
domes
What conditions are thought to cause metamorphism in rocks? Select all that apply. extreme moisture extreme heat extreme pressure hot chemical solutions
extreme heat, extreme pressure, hot chemical solutions
The individual rock particles, crystals, and sometimes fossils that combine to give a rock its texture are known as sediments. source rocks. grains. nuggets.
grains
Young-earth geologists believe that the original basement rock of the earth's continents was _____.
granite
Many young-earth geologists think that the basement rocks created on the third day of Creation were probably...
igneous rocks.
Which kind of rock used for building materials suffers the most damage from acid rain? quartzite limestone basalt granite
limestone
Which of the following kinds of sedimentary rocks is most useful as a construction material? mudstone rock salt (halite) limestone chalk
limestone
When limestone has undergone metamorphosis, it turns into _____.
marble
A rock that has changed due to heat or pressure during the time of its existence is a(n) _____ rock. igneous sedimentary metamorphic petrolithic
metamorphic
A _____ is a scientist who studies the classification and origin of all types of rocks.
petrologist
The settling out of dissolved materials to form inorganic nonclastic rocks is called _____.
precipitation
The extrusive igneous rock _____ has such a low density, it can float like a cork in water.
pumice
Describe the process that probably formed most sedimentary rocks, from the source rock to the final sedimentary rock.
1) erosion or solution of the source rocks, 2) transportation and deposition to a different location; 3) compaction of the particles to eliminate the excess fluids, and 4) cementation by minerals dissolved in the fluid.
_____ are fragments of rocks that fuse together to form a larger rock.
Clasts
Rocks containing grains that appear to be aligned in more or less parallel patterns has probably experienced _____ metamorphism.
Dynamic
_____ metamorphic rocks contain crystals in bands or parallel layers.
Foliated
_____ rocks are formed when molten rock cools and hardens.
Igneous
For each of the three main types of rock, list one example of a rock that has been used in building construction.
Igneous examples include granite and basalt. Limestone and tuff (breccia) are sedimentary building materials. Metamorphic building materials include marble and slate.
What are the three general categories of rocks? Check all that apply. Metamorphic Sedimentary Lunar Igneous Depositional
Metamorphic, sedimentary, igneous
The grain size of glassy rocks like obsidian is nonexistent. medium sized. very large. very small.
Non existent
_____ is a type of rock that is often light enough to float in water.
Pumice
Distinguish between regional, contact, and dynamic metamorphism.
Regional metamorphism occurred on a large scale within tectonic zones. Contact metamorphism is more limited and occurs around sills, dikes, and other regions where hot magma and lava contact other rocks. Dynamic metamorphism is probably the most rapid, is also limited in scope, and may still occur, most often along active faults.
In what ways do grains help scientists to identify rocks?
Rocks are classified on the basis of the size, shape, and pattern of their grains.
Fossils are usually found in _____ rock. hydrolithic sedimentary igneous metamorphic
Sedimentary
______ rocks are formed from bits and pieces of eroded rocks and from dissolved chemicals that precipitated.
Sedimentary
Each of the following are types of nonclastic sedimentary rock except halite. shale. chalk. limestone.
Shale
Which of the following are common examples of foliated metamorphic rock? Select all that apply. slate schist shale marble
Slate, schist
What does a geologist mean when he refers to the texture of an igneous rock? What does a rock's texture reveal about its history?
The texture of an igneous rock refers to the sizes and arrangement of mineral crystals in the rock. A coarse texture means the rock has large crystals while a fine texture means the rock has very small or indistinguishable crystals. Geologists believe that large crystals suggest that the rock formed deep underground and small crystals indicate that they formed on or near the surface.
Cementation is what turns clastic sediments into sedimentary rock.
True
Chalk is an organic sedimentary rock; that is, it formed from the remains of living organisms.
True
If a geologist observes contact metamorphism in the rock below a horizontal stratum of igneous rock but not in the rock right above it, he can assume that he is looking at a surface lava flow rather than a sill intrusion.
True
Igneous rocks do not make the best building materials because they tend to dissolve in acid rain.
True
Large crystals are always formed deep underground from molten rock that has cooled slowly.
True
Limestone has been used for thousands of years as the raw material for a common artificial construction material called concrete.
True
Long thin grains in a rock indicate that something abnormal happened to it during its existence.
True
Modern geologists believe that the size of the grains in an igneous rock have more to do with where it cooled rather than how fast it cooled.
True
Old-earth geologists believe that it took millions of years for layers of sedimentary rocks to form.
True
Some metamorphic rocks can be changed into other metamorphic rocks through metamorphism.
True
The law of conservation of matter implies that the earth's matter can change in form but not in mass.
True
A sedimentologist would most likely be employed to identify the composition of minerals. certify that a site is geologically sound enough to support a tall building. study the erosion of farmland. study the effects of earthquakes on igneous bedrock.
certify that a site is geologically sound enough to support a tall building
When hydrothermal fluids cause changes to occur in rocks that they are in contact with, _____ metamorphism has occurred.
chemical
Rock altered by heat from an igneous intrusion, such as a sill or a dike, has experienced _____ metamorphism.
contact
Veins of ore and even huge underground crystals were deposited by the precipitation of minerals from _____ fluids flowing through rocks.
hydrothermal
According to the rock cycle model, which of the following was the starting material in the cycle? molten magma sedimentary rock igneous rock sediment
molten magma
According to the secular theory of the rock cycle, any rock type, even sedimentary rock, can become _____ again, given enough time.
molten, or magma
Rocks formed strictly from minerals precipitated from water are nonclastic sedimentary rocks. hydrolithic rocks. clastic sedimentary rocks. precipital rocks.
nonclastic sedimentary rocks.
The quantity of dissolved materials carried by flowing water usually depends more on the _____ of water than its speed.
temperature
A rock's _____ is the look and feel of a rock sample.
texture
