ch 11
89. The middle layer of the meninges is the __________ mater.
arachnoid
74. The brain has about one hundred million neurons.
false
80. Spinal shock is a permanent loss of some of the spinal cord's functions.
false
81. If fibers in the ascending tract of the spinal cord are cut, the affected person will have a loss of motor functions below the injury.
false
82. The arbor vitae is in the cerebrum.
false
84. The epineurium is composed of nervous tissue.
false
85. Spinal nerves are grouped and named according to function.
false
92. The cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center are located in the __________ __________ of the brain.
medulla oblongata
88. In a reflex arc, ___________ neurons pass out of the central nervous system to stimulate effectors.
motor
94. The ____________ division of the autonomic nervous system decreases heart rate to return the body to ordinary, restful conditions.
parasympathetic
75. The subarachnoid space within the meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid.
true
76. The dura mater is the outermost layer of the meninges.
true
77. The choroid plexuses project into the ventricles.
true
78. The gray commissure of the spinal cord surrounds the central canal.
true
79. Nerve tracts other than the corticospinal tracts that transmit impulses into the spinal cord are called extrapyramidal tracts.
true
83. Brain damage to the temporal lobe, where recent memory is processed, can impair long-term memory.
true
86. Autonomic ganglia provide a degree of independence from the CNS by integrating motor impulses before they are relayed to visceral organs.
true
87. Sympathetic tone is continuous stimulation of smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels, which results in partial constriction.
true
93. The _________ nerve is a mixed cranial nerve that conducts sensory impulses from and motor impulses to the thoracic and abdominal viscera.
vagus
90. The _________ root of a spinal nerve consists of motor neuron axons.
ventral
91. The interconnected, fluid-filled cavities of the brain are called _____________ .
ventricles
19. Gray matter of the spinal cord is mostly composed of A. interneurons. B. cerebrospinal fluid. C. axons. D. myelin.
A
2. The epidural space contains A. loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue. B. dense connective tissue and cartilage. C. no tissue, that is why it is a space. D. collagen, elastin, and keratin.
A
20. The pattern of gray matter in the spinal cord is divided into A. horns. B. funiculi. C. meninges. D. roots of spinal nerves.
A
30. Which of the following is a major portion of the diencephalon? A. Thalamus B. Cerebral aqueduct C. Cerebral peduncles D. Midbrain
A
32. A newborn has a CT scan of the brain to identify a cause of seizures. The scan showed no convolutions (gyri) of the cerebral cortex. She has A. lissencephaly. B. anencephaly. C. spina bifida. D. leakage of cerebrospinal fluid.
A
35. A soldier suffers a brain injury, and becomes unable to speak. The damage is likely in A. Broca's area. B. the hippocampus. C. the brainstem. D. the basal nuclei
A
37. The basal nuclei include the A. putamen. B. pons. C. midbrain. D. corpus callosum.
A
38. Which lobe of your brain are you using when you answer this question? A. Frontal B. Parietal C. Temporal D. Occipital
A
4. Cerebrospinal fluid is A. Clear and liquid. B. white and thick. C. red. D. yellow in the CNS and clear in the PNS.
A
44. Aphasia is loss of the ability to A. speak. B. move the hands. C. walk. D. think.
A
47. If the general interpretative area of the dominant hemisphere is damaged in a child, the A. corresponding region on the opposite side of the brain may take over the interpretative functions. B. child will fail to learn language. C. child will do very poorly in math. D. child will have difficulty concentrating.
A
49. Which of the following terms and definitions is correct? A. Cerebral cortex-a thin layer of gray matter forming the outermost part of the cerebrum B. Hemisphere dominance-the largest cerebral hemisphere with the thickest cerebral cortex C. Limbic system-interconnected brain structures that activate skeletal muscle D. Cerebral cortex-a thick layer of white matter forming the innermost part of the cerebrum
A
55. A spinal nerve passing through the intervertebral foramen is A. associated with the vertebra above. B. composed of afferent fibers only. C. composed of efferent fibers only. D. associated with cranial nerve C1.
A
56. The phrenic nerves arise from the A. cervical plexuses. B. brachial plexuses. C. lumbar plexuses. D. sacral plexuses.
A
57. The area of skin that sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve innervate is called a A. dermatome. B. myotome. C. sensory body. D. nerve body.
A
62. Aging of the brain begins A. before birth. B. at birth. C. at age 30. D. after age 50.
A
69. The part of the brain that is overactive in post traumatic stress disorder is the A. amygdala. B. brainstem. C. hippocampus. D. thalamus.
A
73. Spinal nerve injury may result from A. fracture of vertebrae, dislocations, or birth injuries. B. too little dopamine in the basal ganglia. C. excess acetylcholine in synapses. D. a drug overdose.
A
8. Most cerebrospinal fluid is secreted from the choroid plexuses in the A. lateral ventricles. B. third ventricle. C. fourth ventricle. D. cerebral aqueduct.
A
1. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of A. spinal and cranial nerves. B. the brain and spinal cord. C. the cerebrum and cerebellum. D. nerves in the upper and lower limbs.
B
12. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ______ and it __________. A. dura mater/ maintains a stable ionic concentration in the CNS B. choroid plexuses in the ventricles/ protects the brain from blows to the skull C. arachnoid villi in the dura sinus/ provides a pathway to the blood for waste D. capillaries in the dura mater of the ventricles/ moistens the surface of the brain
B
16. Stephanie is in a car accident, flung from her vehicle and landing on her back on pavement. At the scene, an emergency medical technician checks her Babinski reflex, in which the great toe extends upward and the smaller toes fan apart. This reflex A. may indicate aging of the corticospinal tract. B. may indicate an injury to the corticospinal tract. C. is normal in adults. D. is meaningless in assessing an emergency situation.
B
17. The expected response to the triceps-jerk reflex is A. flexion of the forearm. B. extension of the forearm. C. plantar flexion. D. plantar extension.
B
18. The spinothalamic tract conducts impulses A. from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. B. up the spinal cord to the thalamus. C. down the spinal cord from the thalamus. D. that stimulate skeletal muscles.
B
24. If the left corticospinal tract is severed in the neck near the first cervical vertebra, A. muscles in the right arm and leg are paralyzed. B. muscles in the left arm and leg are paralyzed. C. pain impulses from the right side are blocked. D. pain impulses from the left side are blocked.
B
26. All reflexes A. have association neurons. B. have a reflex arc. C. have interneurons. D. occur in the spinal cord.
B
31. The complex network of tiny islands of gray matter in the brain, that upon receiving incoming sensory impulses responds by activating wakefulness in the cerebral cortex, is the A. dentate nucleus. B. reticular formation. C. limbic system. D. corpora quadrigemina.
B
34. The primary motor area of the brain is in the A. postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. B. precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. C. posterior sulcus of the temporal lobe. D. lateral part of the occipital lobe.
B
5. In a subdural hematoma resulting from a blow to the head, blood accumulates between the A. dura mater and skull. B. dura mater and arachnoid mater. C. pia mater and brain. D. arachnoid mater and brain.
B
50. The consequence of sensory nerve fibers crossing over is that the A. brain cannot tell from which side of the body a sensory impulse originated. B. right hemisphere of the cerebrum receives sensory impulses originating on the left side of the body and vice versa. C. left hemisphere of the cerebrum receives sensory impulses originating on the left side of the body and the right hemisphere receives sensory impulses originating on the right side of the body. D. impulses never reach the appropriate lobe of the brain to be interpreted.
B
53. The part of the brain that assigns value to a memory is the A. cerebral cortex. B. amygdala. C. medulla oblongata. D. pons.
B
59. Which of the following are generally adrenergic fibers? A. Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers B. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers C. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers D. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers
B
65. Symptoms of concussion include all except A. disturbed sleep. B. decreased sensitivity to light and sound. C. memory lapse. D. balance problems.
B
67. In spastic paralysis A. muscle tone increases and the muscles atrophy. B. muscle tone increases and the muscles do not atrophy. C. muscle tone decreases and the muscles atrophy. D. muscle tone decreases and the muscles do not atrophy.
B
68. A traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from A. an open head wound. B. mechanical force. C. an infection. D. poisoning.
B
72. The brain waves most closely associated with mental activity are A. alpha waves. B. beta waves. C. theta waves. D. delta waves.
B
9. The fourth ventricle is in the A. left cerebral hemisphere. B. brainstem. C. midline of the brain, beneath the corpus callosum. D. right cerebral hemisphere.
B
15. When the flexor muscles of one arm contract in a withdrawal reflex, the extensor muscles of the other arm contract. This phenomenon is called A. flexor extensor reflex. B. ipsilateral reflex. C. crossed extensor reflex. D. crossed flexor reflex.
C
22. The corticospinal tracts control A. sweat glands. B. posture. C. voluntary muscle movements. D. spinal reflexes.
C
23. If the right lateral spinothalamic tract is severed, A. muscles on the left side are paralyzed. B. muscles on the right side are paralyzed. C. pain impulses from the left side are blocked. D. pain impulses from the right side are blocked.
C
27. The simplest level of CNS function is the A. ability to talk. B. ability to work. C. spinal reflex. D. cerebral reflex.
C
29. The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscular movements is the A. cerebrum. B. brainstem. C. cerebellum. D. corpus callosum.
C
3. The meninges consist of A. the brain and spinal cord. B. the membranes that delineate all of the major brain parts. C. the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater. D. nerve tracts that run up and down the spinal cord.
C
39. Which of the following is not a part of the diencephalon? A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Anterior pituitary gland D. Posterior pituitary gland
C
45. Interruption of blood flow to the brain that can damage the cerebrum is called a A. concussion. B. contusion. C. cerebrovascular accident. D. myocardial infarction.
C
46. Injury to the visual cortex of the right occipital lobe can cause A. partial blindness in the right eye only. B. total blindness in the left eye only. C. partial blindness in both eyes. D. total blindness in both eyes.
C
48. Brain waves are recordings of activity in the A. medulla oblongata. B. cerebellum. C. cerebral cortex. D. brainstem.
C
51. Basal ganglia are located in the ______ and ______. A. brainstem/ relay motor impulses from the cerebral cortex B. frontal lobe/ aid in control of motor activities C. deep regions of the cerebral hemispheres/ aid in control of motor activities D. cerebral hemispheres/ control the senses
C
6. An inflammation of the meninges called meningitis usually affects the A. dura mater only. B. dura mater and arachnoid mater. C. arachnoid mater and pia mater. D. pia mater only.
C
60. Bob witnesses an auto accident and impulses from the ___________ division of the autonomic nervous system increase his heart rate. A. spinal B. parasympathetic C. sympathetic D. cranial
C
63. Over a lifetime, the brain shrinks by about ___ percent. A. 1 B. 5 C. 10 D. 40
C
64. A person in a persistent vegetative state A. craves vegetables. B. cannot move, but is aware of self. C. can move, but seems unaware of self. D. repeats the same phrases over and over.
C
66. A lumbar puncture is A. an infection of the cerebrospinal fluid. B. a blockage in peripheral nerve transmission. C. a test of the pressure that the cerebrospinal fluid is under. D. a procedure to correct a spinal cord injury.
C
7. The ____________ is the thin meninx attached to the surface of the brain, containing many nerves and blood vessels. A. dura mater B. arachnoid mater C. pia mater D. subdural mater
C
70. Melinda has Parkinson disease. Her movements are slowing and she has difficulty initiating voluntary muscular actions. The region that is affected in her brain is the A. frontal lobe. B. parietal lobe. C. basal ganglia. D. amygdala.
C
10. Cerebrospinal fluid A. informs the autonomic centers in the brainstem and hypothalamus about the internal environment. B. provides a pathway for waste to enter the blood. C. protects the brain and spinal cord. D. all of the above.
D
11. The human body secretes about __________ milliliters of cerebrospinal fluid daily. A. 10 B. 60 C. 300 D. 500
D
13. Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence? A. Receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, effector B. Effector, receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron C. Effector, sensory neuron, receptor, interneuron, motor neuron D. Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
D
14. Reflexes help to control A. heart rate and blood pressure. B. respiratory rate. C. digestive activities. D. all of the above.
D
21. Which of the following are descending tracts in the spinal cord? A. Spinothalamic B. Spinocerebellar C. Fasciculus gracilis D. Rubrospinal
D
25. The spinal cord has A. 31 segments. B. a cervical and lumbar enlargement. C. a core of gray matter surrounded by white matter. D. all of the above.
D
28. Over the course of several months, Morris has experienced difficulty speaking coherently, clumsiness, muscle fasciculations, and increasing weakness in his limbs. These symptoms are most consistent with those of A. Parkinson disease. B. Hodgkin's disease. C. muscular dystrophy. D. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
D
33. If the area of the cerebral hemisphere corresponding to Broca's area is damaged, A. memory is lost. B. motor control to the right leg is impaired. C. eyesight is lost. D. motor control of the muscles associated with speech is lost.
D
36. The function of the cerebral association areas is A. to analyze sensory experiences. B. reasoning and judgment. C. to interpret sensations. D. all of the above.
D
40. Which of the following parts of the mature brain develops from the forebrain? A. Midbrain B. Pons C. Cerebellum D. Thalamus
D
41. The ___________ separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. A. lateral sulcus B. central sulcus C. longitudinal fissure D. transverse fissure
D
42. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? A. Regulation of body temperature B. Control of hunger and thirst C. Production of hormones D. Control of postural reflexes
D
43. Spina bifida is a(n) A. abnormality in neural tube development. B. open vertebral column and exposed spinal cord. C. exposed spinal cord. D. all of the above.
D
52. If the reticular formation is injured, the person might exhibit signs of A. hyperactivity. B. increased metabolism. C. increased sympathetic system responses. D. unconsciousness, or coma.
D
54. Dopamine is secreted by the ___________ and is deficient in ______ disease. A. cerebral cortex/ Alzheimer B. amygdala/ Lou Gehrig's C. medulla oblongata/ Huntington D. substantia nigra/ Parkinson
D
58. The somatic nervous system consists of nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the ______, whereas the autonomic nervous system consists of fibers that connect the ______. A. skin and skeletal muscles/ brain to the spinal cord B. visceral organs/ CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles C. heart and intestines/ CNS to the cardiac and smooth muscles D. skin and skeletal muscles/ CNS to the visceral organs
D
61. The drug atropine influences the autonomic nervous system by A. stimulating the release of norepinephrine. B. blocking the action of norepinephrine. C. stimulating the release of acetylcholine. D. blocking the action of acetylcholine.
D
71. Brain waves during sleep are ____ waves. A. alpha B. beta C. theta D. delta
D