CH 11 Minerals and Bone Health

Which statement about age-related bone loss is true? Select one: a. It occurs primarily in females. b. It is not typically associated with any dietary changes. c. It is usually related to over-activation of vitamin D in the kidney. d. Age related bone loss proceeds at approximately 0.3-0.5 percent per year. e. No answer is correct.

d. Age related bone loss proceeds at approximately 0.3-0.5 percent per year.

Which group could benefit from calcium supplements if needs are not met by diet? Select one: a. Post-menopausal women. b. No answer is correct. c. Young people who have not yet achieved peak bone mass. d. All these groups could benefit. e. Individuals with decreased bone density.

d. All these groups could benefit.

Which of the following groups is LEAST at risk for phosphorus deficiency? Select one: a. No answer is correct. b. Vegans c. Alcoholics d. Healthy adults e. Elderly

d. Healthy adults

Which statement about the processing of foods is true? Select one: a. Sodium is typically absent in processed foods. b. No answer is correct. c. Processing destroys minerals. d. The processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium, selenium and zinc. e. Potassium is often added during food processing.

d. The processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium, selenium and zinc.

When blood calcium is low, parathyroid hormone raises levels by doing all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. reducing calcium excretion by the kidney. b. stimulating calcium release from bone. c. activating vitamin D. d. increasing appetite for calcium containing foods. e. promoting calcium reabsorption by the kidney.

d. increasing appetite for calcium containing foods.

Two hormones regulate blood calcium levels ________ raises blood calcium and __________ lowers blood calcium levels. Select one: a. calcitonin aldosterone b. thyroid stimulating hormone calcitonin c. calcitonin parathyroid hormone d. parathyroid hormone calcitonin e. no answer is correct

d. parathyroid hormone calcitonin

The following minerals all compete with each other for absorption EXCEPT: Select one: a. calcium. b. No answer is correct. c. copper. d. sodium. e. zinc.

d. sodium.

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium? Select one: a. Neurotransmitter release b. Blood pressure regulation c. Cell communication d. Muscle contraction e. ATP stabilization

e. ATP stabilization

Which of the following functions to inhibit calcium release from bone? Select one: a. Calmodulin b. Parathyroid hormone c. Insulin d. No answer is correct e. Calcitonin

e. Calcitonin

Which of the following statements regarding calcium is true? Select one: a. No answer is correct. b. Diets high in phytates increase calcium absorption. c. Pregnant women need more calcium to supply the needs of the growing fetus. d. Women who breast feed need more calcium in their diets. e. Infants get adequate calcium from breast milk.

e. Infants get adequate calcium from breast milk.

The hard compact layer found on the surface of bones is called __________ bone. Select one: a. extrinsic b. trabecular c. no answer is correct. d. enameled e. cortical

e. cortical

Bisphosphonates treat osteoporosis by/through: Select one: a. their hormone action. b. no answer is correct. c. encouraging weight gain. d. providing more energy for exercise. e. inhibiting the action of osteoclasts.

e. inhibiting the action of osteoclasts.

Significant loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging is termed: Select one: a. osteopenia. b. no answer is correct. c. osteopropensia. d. osteomalacia. e. osteoporosis.

e. osteoporosis.

Which is the FALSE statement about absorption of calcium? Select one: a. Calcium absorption decreases during pregnancy. b. Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption. c. Medications that reduce the secretion of stomach acid can interfere with calcium absorption. d. Calcium supplements may interfere with absorption of copper and iron. e. Lactose enhances the rate of calcium absorption.

a. Calcium absorption decreases during pregnancy.

What factor might increase mineral bioavailability? Select one: a. Consumption of acidic foods enhances iron absorption. b. Proportion of dietary calcium absorbed is higher with increases in age. c. The presence of phytic acid promotes zinc absorption. d. No answer is correct. e. A high intake of calcium in a meal promotes iron absorption.

a. Consumption of acidic foods enhances iron absorption.

Which statement about vitamin D is correct? Select one: a. It promotes active transport of calcium across the intestine. b. Vitamin D is most necessary when calcium intake is high. c. It is required for the passive transport of calcium across the intestine. d. No answer is correct. e. Adequate consumption increases the absorption of calcium to 50%.

a. It promotes active transport of calcium across the intestine.

The most significant dietary factor contributing to osteoporosis is: Select one: a. calcium. b. no answer is correct. c. vitamin C. d. protein. e. vitamin D.

a. calcium.

The absorption of some minerals is regulated by: Select one: a. transport proteins. b. no answer is correct. c. starches. d. binding to amino acids. e. interaction with phospholipids.

a. transport proteins.

The recommended intake of sulfur for adults is _____ mg per day. Select one: a. There is no recommended intake. b. 700 c. No answer is correct. d. 500 e. 1000

c. No answer is correct.

Which one of the following foods is a good source of phosphorus? Select one: a. Olive oil b. Hot oatmeal c. White bread d. Fresh orange e. Cooked kale

b. Hot oatmeal

Which mineral is found in varying amounts in food depending on where it is grown? Select one: a. Pyridoxine b. Iodine c. Magnesium d. Calcium e. No answer is correct

b. Iodine

Which of the following is NOT likely to result from prolonged low calcium intake? Select one: a. A lower peak bone mass in young adult females b. Problems with cell signaling and regulation c. Development of osteomalacia d. Fractures in the elderly e. No answer is correct

b. Problems with cell signaling and regulation

Which is the correct relationship between smoking and drinking and osteoporosis risk? Select one: a. No answer is correct. b. Smoking and drinking both increase risk. c. Smoking decreases risk while drinking increases it. d. Smoking increases risk while drinking decreases it. e. Smoking and drinking both decrease risk.

b. Smoking and drinking both increase risk.

The typical magnesium intake in the US is: Select one: a. right at the RDA. b. below the RDA. c. currently unknown. d. slightly above the RDA. e. at risk of providing toxic levels.

b. below the RDA.

The consumption of soda: Select one: a. has remained constant for the last 20 years. b. has led to a decrease in the consumption of milk. c. is not of nutritional concern. d. no answer is correct. e. provides necessary nutrients.

b. has led to a decrease in the consumption of milk.

In the body, sulfur plays an important part in the structure of: Select one: a. enzymes. b. some amino acids and vitamins. c. bones and teeth. d. adipose tissue. e. no answer is correct.

b. some amino acids and vitamins.

Which of the following has been the most effective in decreasing post-menopausal bone loss? Select one: a. Supplemental vitamin C b. No answer is correct. c. Hormone replacement therapy d. Aerobic exercise plus multi-vitamins e. Fluoride treatment

c. Hormone replacement therapy

Which statement about osteoporosis is FALSE? Select one: a. It may result in dowager's hump (stooped posture). b. It has no early symptoms. c. It is primarily an American disease. d. Osteoporosis may result in a loss of height. e. It relates to a decrease in bone density.

c. It is primarily an American disease.

What is a function of magnesium? Select one: a. Magnesium activates vitamin A. b. Magnesium maintains acid-base balance. c. Magnesium helps to regulate calcium in the blood. d. No answer is correct. e. Magnesium prevents cardiovascular disease.

c. Magnesium helps to regulate calcium in the blood.

Which statement about phosphorus is correct? Select one: a. High intake increases the energy available to cells, eventually leading to exhaustion. b. Toxicity is common in the U.S. because of increased use of phosphorus-containing food additives. c. Toxicity causes uncontrolled muscle contractions. d. No answer is correct. e. Toxicity may cause bone resorption.

c. Toxicity causes uncontrolled muscle contractions.

Which food group provides the largest variety of minerals? Select one: a. Dairy b. Fruits and dairy c. Vegetables d. Fruits e. Meat and beans

c. Vegetables

Most of the magnesium in the body is in: Select one: a. extracellular fluid. b. no answer is correct. c. bones. d. intracellular fluid. e. the blood.

c. bones.

All of the following decrease the risk of osteoporosis EXCEPT: Select one: a. adequate calcium and vitamin D intake. b. weight bearing exercise. c. low body weight. d. high body weight and fat. e. increased muscle mass.

c. low body weight.

When phosphorus intake is high, the most likely consequence is that: Select one: a. blood levels rise drastically. b. no answer is correct. c. more is lost in the urine. d. less is absorbed across the intestine. e. it is stored in additional creatine phosphate.

c. more is lost in the urine.

Whether an element is classified as a major or as a trace mineral is determined by: Select one: a. how critical they are for metabolic processes. b. where they are absorbed in the digestive tract. c. the amounts needed daily by the body. d. where they are found on the periodic table. e. no answer is correct.

c. the amounts needed daily by the body.