Ch 11 Sec 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5

Robert E. Lee

Only factory in the South capable of producing cannons, located in Richmond, Virginia

Tredegar Iron Works

Only factory in the South capable of producing cannons, located in Richmond, Virginia

Sherman neckties

Sherman's troops destroyed the rail lines by heating the rails and twisting them into snarls of steel nicknamed "Sherman neckties."

1. Why did Robert E. Lee choose to fight for the South?

"I cannot raise my hand against my birthplace, my home, my children."

Pickett's Charge

AT BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG On July 2 Lee attacked, but the Union troops held their ground. The following day, Lee ordered nearly 15,000 men under the command of General George E. Pickett and General A.P. Hill to make a massive assault. As the mile-wide line of Confederate troops marched across open farmland toward Cemetery Ridge where Union forces stood, Union cannons and guns opened fire, inflicting 7,000 casualties in a less than half an hour of fighting.

3. What role did African-Americans play in the Civil War?

About 180,000 African Americans served in the Union army during the Civil War, roughly 9 percent of the army's total soldiers. Another 10,000 to 15,000 served in the Union navy, making up about 10 to 12 percent of the navy's sailors. Brave fighters, shortage of men

2. How many or what percent of the US Army's officers joined the Confederacy and what impact did this initially have on the North?

About one-third of the total, resigned to join the Confederacy. These officers enabled the South to organize an effective fighting force quickly, as did the strong military tradition in the South. In 1860 the United States had eight military colleges, but seven of them were in the South. These colleges provided the South with a large number of trained officers to lead its armies.

9. List the South's advantages and disadvantages. (see chart, page 354)

Advantages: military, experienced officers to load troops in battle, capable of producing own food, 7 out of 8 military colleges, ***federal officers, most of the officers that were good came from the south, soldiers tended to be better, did not have to win the war, (only had to fight a defensive war and wear down the union)*** Disadvantages: population, manufactured goods, exports, merchant ships, miles of railroad and track, grain production, number of farms, iron production, had only one factory capable of producing cannons, the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia, and no major facilities for making gunpowder. financial situation was not good, and it became worse over time. ***Fewer people working to support the war effort, had to create a government, no navy, make money and print money> inflation that wrecked the economy***

8. List the North's advantages and disadvantages. (see chart, page 354)

Advantages: population, manufactured goods, exports, merchant ships, miles of railroad and track, grain production, number of farms, iron production, navy. Almost all of the country's firearms were manufactured in the North, and the Du Pont factories in Delaware made most of the nation's gunpowder. ***established government, more people more soldiers and factory workers, railroads, navy, more richer more tariff money and more banks*** Disadvantages: Weaker in the beginning due to less skilled soldiers but eventually became better trained

Chancellorsville

After Fredericksburg, on May 2, 1863, Lee's troops attacked Hooker's forces in dense woods known as the Wilderness near the town of Chancellorsville, Virginia. Although outnumbered two to one, Lee aggressively divided his forces and repeatedly defeated the Union troops. On May 5, Hooker decided to retreat. CONFEDERATE VICTORY

George B. McClellan

After General McDowell's failure at the First Battle of Bull Run, President Lincoln ordered General George B. McClellan to lead the Union army in the east. Peninsula campaign, Seven Days' Battle, The Second Battle of Bull Run, the Battle of Antietam

Shiloh

After Grant's victories at Fort Donelson and Fort Henry, his troops headed up the Tennessee River to attack Corinth, Mississippi. Seizing Corinth would cut the Confederacy's only rail line connecting Mississippi and western Tennessee to the east. Early on April 6, 1862, Confederate forces launched a surprise attack on Grant's troops, who were camped about 20 miles north of Corinth near a small church named Shiloh. Hearing the attack, Grant raced from his headquarters to the battle. Although the Union troops were forced back, Grant rushed around the battlefield and managed to assemble a defensive line that held off repeated Southern attacks. When the first day of the battle ended, several of Grant's commanders advised him to retreat. Knowing reinforcements were on the way, Grant went on the offensive the next morning, surprising the Confederates and forcing General Beauregard, their commander, to order a retreat. The Battle of Shiloh stunned people in both the North and the South. Twenty thousand troops had been killed or wounded, more than in any other battle up to that point. When newspapers demanded Grant be fired because of the high casualties, Lincoln refused. UNION VICTORY Battle with VERY high casualties early in the war, Shiloh means place of peace

Braxton Bragg

After Grant's victory at Shiloh, Confederate troops evacuated Corinth and quickly shifted east by railroad to Chattanooga, Tennessee, where they were placed under the command of General Braxton Bragg. Bragg took his troops north into Kentucky, hoping the Union armies would follow and that his invasion of Kentucky would lead to an uprising of pro-Confederate supporters in the state. Bragg's invasion failed. Union troops stopped Bragg's forces at the battle of Perryville. Buell was replaced him with General William S. Rosecrans. As Rosecrans's forces headed south, Bragg's forces attacked them west of the Stones River near Murfreesboro. Although the Union lines fell back before the onslaught, they did not break, and the battle ended inconclusively. Four days later, with Union reinforcements arriving from Nashville, Bragg decided to retreat. Confederate

6. Why did Lincoln stop prisoner of war exchanges?

After Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, the Confederacy announced that it would not exchange freed African Americans for Southern white prisoners. Instead, it would either re-enslave or execute all African American troops captured in battle. In response to the South's treatment of African American troops, Lincoln stopped all prisoner exchanges. If Davis executed the African American troops, Lincoln would execute Confederate troops.

Murfreesboro

After Union victory at Shiloh, Confederate troops evacuated Corinth and quickly shifted east by railroad to Chattanooga, Tennessee, where they were placed under the command of General Braxton Bragg. Bragg took his troops north into Kentucky, hoping the Union armies would follow. He also hoped that his invasion of Kentucky would lead to an uprising of pro-Confederate supporters in the state. Bragg's invasion failed. Union troops led by General Don Carlos Buell stopped Bragg's forces at the battle of Perryville. After Bragg retreated, General Buell was ordered to seize Chattanooga and cut the railroad lines that passed through the city. Lincoln knew that eastern Tennessee was home to many Union sympathizers, and he wanted the region under Union control. He also knew that by cutting the region's rail lines, he would deprive the Confederacy of vital supplies of meat and corn that the South needed. Buell's slow advance across Tennessee frustrated Lincoln, who fired him and replaced him with General William S. Rosecrans. As Rosecrans's forces headed south, Bragg's forces attacked them west of the Stones River near Murfreesboro. Although the Union lines fell back before the onslaught, they did not break, and the battle ended inconclusively. Four days later, with Union reinforcements arriving from Nashville, Bragg decided to retreat. UNION VICTORY

5. What was Sherman's strategy in his "March to the Sea"?

After occupying Atlanta, Sherman proposed to march across Georgia. "I could cut a swath to the sea," he explained, "and divide the Confederacy in two." The march would be "a demonstration to the world... that we have a power that Davis cannot resist. I can make the march, and make Georgia howl!"

Sherman's March to the Sea

After occupying Atlanta, Sherman proposed to march across Georgia. On November 15, 1864, Sherman began his March to the Sea. His troops cut a path of destruction through Georgia that was in places 60 miles wide. They ransacked houses, burned crops, and killed cattle. By December 21, 1864, they had reached the coast and seized the city of Savannah.

6. After Sherman reached the sea (Savannah, Georgia) where did he go and what did his army do?

After reaching the sea, Sherman turned north and headed into South Carolina—the state that many people believed had started the Civil War. The troops burned and pillaged, or looted, nearly everything in front of them. At least 12 towns were set on fire, including Columbia, the state capital. The march demoralized Southerners.

Peninsula Campaign

After taking several months to prepare his forces, McClellan began transporting his troops by ship to the mouth of the James River, southeast of Yorktown, Virginia. From there he intended to march up the peninsula formed by the James and York Rivers toward Richmond, only 70 miles away. McClellan took 30 days to capture Yorktown, giving the Confederates time to move their troops into position near Richmond. As he advanced toward Richmond, he made another mistake by allowing his forces to become divided by the Chickahominy River. Seizing this opportunity, the Confederate commander, General Joseph E. Johnston, attacked McClellan's army, inflicting heavy casualties. After Johnston was wounded in the battle, General Robert E. Lee was placed in command. CONFEDERATE VICTORY

Chickamauga

After the Union's major victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg, fierce fighting erupted in Tennessee near Chattanooga. Chattanooga was a vital railroad junction. Both sides knew that if the Union forces captured Chattanooga, they would control a major railroad running south to Atlanta. The way would be open for a Union advance into Georgia. During the summer of 1863, Union general William Rosecrans outmaneuvered General Braxton Bragg. In early September, he forced the Confederates to evacuate Chattanooga without a fight. During the summer of 1863, Union general William Rosecrans outmaneuvered General Braxton Bragg. In early September, he forced the Confederates to evacuate Chattanooga without a fight. Bragg did not retreat far, however. When Rosecrans advanced into Georgia, Bragg launched an assault against him at Chickamauga Creek on September 19, 1863. Bragg soon smashed through part of the Union defenses, and Rosecrans ordered his troops to fall back to Chattanooga, where he found himself almost completely surrounded by Bragg's forces. CONFEDERATE VICTORY

54th Massachusetts

Among the first African American regiments officially organized in the North was the 54th Massachusetts. The regiment fought valiantly at Fort Wagner near Charleston Harbor in July 1863, losing nearly half of its soldiers in the battle. At the end of the war, the New York Tribune declared that the heroism of the 54th Massachusetts regiment forever answered the question of whether African Americans could make good soldiers.

Ulysses S. Grant

As Farragut prepared for his attack on New Orleans, Union general Ulysses S. Grant began a campaign to seize control of two rivers: the Cumberland River and the Tennessee River. Grant first seized Fort Henry, the Confederacy's main fort on the Tennessee River. He then marched his troops east and surrounded Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. Battle of Shiloh, victory. Went on the offensive when told to retreat. Lincoln refused to fire him over the casualties.

Emancipation Proclamation

As Lee's forces marched toward Antietam, Lincoln said that if the Union could drive those forces from Northern soil, he would issue a proclamation ending slavery. On September 22, 1862, encouraged by the Union victory at Antietam, Lincoln publicly announced that he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation—a decree freeing all enslaved persons in states still in rebellion after January 1, 1863. Because the Proclamation freed enslaved African Americans only in states at war with the Union, it did not address slavery in the border states. Short of a constitutional amendment, however, Lincoln could not end slavery in the border states, nor did he want to endanger their loyalty. The Proclamation transformed the conflict over preserving the Union into a war of liberation.

Second Battle of Bull Run

As McClellan's troops withdrew, Lee decided to attack the Union forces defending Washington. The maneuvers by the two sides led to another battle at Bull Run. Again, the South forced the North to retreat, leaving the Confederate forces only 20 miles (32 km) from Washington. Soon after, word arrived that Lee's forces had crossed into Maryland and begun an invasion of the North. CONFEDERATE VICTORY

3. Why was a battle fought at Gettysburg? What was the significance of this battle?

At the end of June, as Lee's army foraged in the Pennsylvania countryside, some of his troops headed into the town of Gettysburg, hoping to seize a supply of shoes. When they arrived near the town, they encountered Union cavalry. The disaster at Gettysburg proved to be the turning point of the war. The Union's victory strengthen the Republicans politically and ensured that the British would not recognize the Confederacy. For the rest of the war, Lee's forces remained on the defensive, slowly giving ground to the Union army. Accidental battle, Lee could not replace the men he lost,

6. What was the Anaconda Plan?

Blockade Southern ports on the Atlantic Isolate the Confederacy from European aid and trade Cut off flow of supplies, equipment, money, food and cotton Exhaust Southern resources, forcing surrender Control the Mississippi with Union gunboats Divide the eastern part of the Confederacy from the western part Capture New Orleans, Vicksburg, and Memphis Cut off shipping to and from interior

Anaconda Plan

Blockade Southern ports on the Atlantic Isolate the Confederacy from European aid and trade Cut off flow of supplies, equipment, money, food and cotton Exhaust Southern resources, forcing surrender Control the Mississippi with Union gunboats Divide the eastern part of the Confederacy from the western part Capture New Orleans, Vicksburg, and Memphis Cut off shipping to and from interior

2. Why did General Lee want to invade the North in 1863?

British would recognize the Confederacy He weakened the Union Also wanted to feed his soldiers. The Confederate army on Union soil will look bad for the Union army.

William S. Rosecrans

Buell's slow advance across Tennessee frustrated Lincoln, who fired him and replaced him with General William S. Rosecrans. Union

5. How and why did President Lincoln reward General Grant?

By the spring of 1864, Grant had accomplished two crucial objectives for the Union. His capture of Vicksburg had given the Union control of the Mississippi River, while his victory at Chattanooga had secured eastern Tennessee and cleared the way for an invasion of Georgia. Lincoln rewarded Grant by appointing him general in chief of the Union forces and promoting him to lieutenant general, a rank no one had held since George Washington Lincoln trusted him to win the war.

3. Why did Grant want to capture Petersburg?

Capturing Petersburg would cut the only rail line into Richmond. Cuts off food supply

7. Why was the American Civil War considered the first modern war?

Civil War was not fought by small disciplined armies with limited goals. It involved huge armies made up mostly of civilian volunteers that required vast amounts of supplies and equipment. Many of the top officers who led the Union and Confederate troops had studied the campaigns of Napoleon and had themselves fought in the war with Mexico in the 1840s. They believed that the best way to win a battle was to organize the troops into tight columns and go on the offensive. Troops would march toward the enemy, firing in massed volleys. When they got close enough, they would charge the enemy and attack with bayonets—long knives attached to the front of their guns. Soldiers are civilians when war is over Rifle, gatling gun Hot air balloons in the North Telegraph Trains, rapid transportation

Legal Tender Act

Concern about the North's ability to win the war caused many people to withdraw gold and silver from the banks. Without gold and silver, the banks could not buy government bonds, and without the gold and silver from the sale of bonds, the government could not pay its suppliers and troops. To solve this problem, Congress passed the Legal Tender Act in February 1862. This act created a national currency and allowed the government to issue paper money.

Ordnance Bureau

Confederacy's Ordnance Bureau set up armories and foundries in several Southern states, and it created a huge gunpowder mill in Augusta, Georgia. By the summer of 1862, the South was producing enough weapons, gunpowder, and ammunition to meet its needs.

Militia Act

Congress passed in July 1862, giving Lincoln the authority to call state militias, which included drafted troops, into federal service.

defensive war of attrition

Davis believed, forcing the Union to spend its resources until it became tired of the war and agreed to negotiate. The idea of a defensive war of attrition, however, outraged many Southerners. Believing themselves superior fighters, they scorned the idea of defensive warfare.

Alexander Stephens

Davis's vice president, dissented use of conscription and Davis's decision to suspend writs of habeas corpus

5. Describe battlefield medicine.

Doctors struggled to tend to the wounded and had little understanding of infectious germs. They used the same unsterilized instruments on patient after patient, and infection spread quickly in the field hospitals. Disease was one of the greatest threats facing Civil War soldiers. In many cases, regiments lost half their men to illness before ever going into battle. Crowded together in army camps, drinking from unsanitary water supplies, many soldiers became sick. Smallpox, when it erupted, could be deadly, as could dysentery, typhoid, and pneumonia. Battlefield physicians also used extreme measures in treating casualties. Faced with appalling wounds, doctors often amputated arms and legs to prevent gangrene and other infections from spreading to other parts of the body. Gross, primitive, bad

6. What was the significance of the Battle of Shiloh?

High casualties, union victory due to leadership of Grant

2. Who did the South exempt from conscription?

Exemptions were provided for key government workers, for teachers, and for planters who held at least 20 enslaved African Americans.

Irwin McDowell

First Battle of Bull Run, union commander, decided to fall back. After General McDowell's failure at the First Battle of Bull Run, President Lincoln ordered General George B. McClellan to lead the Union army in the east.

United States Sanitary Commission

Founded by Elizabeth Blackwell, an organization that provided medical assistance and supplies to army camps and hospitals. Tens of thousands of women volunteered to work for the Commission, raising money to send bandages, medicine, clothing, and food to army camps.

3. What was the significance of the Union capture of New Orleans?

Gain control of the lower Mississippi River, the South's largest city, and a center of the cotton trade, was now in Union hands.

P. G. T. Beauregard

General that led Confederate troops at beginning of Civil War, at First Battle of Bull Run, ordered his troops to rally behind Virginians led by Jackson. Battle of Shiloh, was surprised by the Union and forced to retreat.

1. Why did President Lincoln want the Union army to capture Vicksburg?

If the Union could capture Vicksburg, Mississippi, the last major Confederate stronghold on the river, the North could cut the South in two. To control entire Mississippi

Elizabeth Blackwell

In 1861, the first female physician in the United States, started the nation's first training program for nurses. Her work led to the creation of the United States Sanitary Commission.

10. How did Grant treat the Confederates when they surrendered?

Generously and kindly, Grant's generous terms of surrender guaranteed that the United States would not prosecute Confederate soldiers for treason. When Grant agreed to let Confederates take their horses home "to put in a crop to carry themselves and their families through the next winter," Lee thanked him, adding that the kindness would "do much toward reconciling our people." Mercifully, graciously: go home, swear allegiance to the union, surrender rifles, horse and mule can be taken home

Gettysburg

Having weakened Union forces at Chancellorsville, Lee wanted to launch another invasion of the North. In June 1863 Lee marched into Pennsylvania, where his troops seized livestock, food, and clothing. After Hooker failed to stop Lee, Lincoln removed him from command and appointed General George Meade as his replacement. Meade immediately headed north to intercept Lee. At the end of June, as Lee's army foraged in the Pennsylvania countryside, some of his troops headed into the town of Gettysburg, hoping to seize a supply of shoes. When they arrived near the town, they encountered Union cavalry. On July 1, 1863, the Confederates pushed the Union troops out of the town into the hills to the south. At the same time, the main forces of both armies hurried to the scene of the fighting. On July 2 Lee attacked, but the Union troops held their ground. The following day, Lee ordered nearly 15,000 men under the command of General George E. Pickett and General A.P. Hill to make a massive assault. The attack became known as Pickett's Charge. Less than 5,000 Confederate troops made it up the ridge, and Union troops overwhelmed those who did. Lee quickly rallied his troops, withdrew from Gettysburg on a rainy July 4, and retreated to Virginia. At Gettysburg the Union suffered 23,000 casualties, but the South lost an estimated 28,000 troops, over one-third of Lee's entire force. The disaster at Gettysburg proved to be the turning point of the war. The Union's victory strengthened the Republicans politically and ensured that the British would not recognize the Confederacy. For the rest of the war, Lee's forces remained on the defensive, slowly giving ground to the Union army. UNION VICTORY

1. What was Grant's strategy for defeating the South?

He was determined to march southward, attacking Lee's forces relentlessly, until the South surrendered.

Fort Henry & Fort Donelson

In February 1862, as Farragut prepared for his attack on New Orleans, Union general Ulysses S. Grant began a campaign to seize control of two rivers: the Cumberland River, which flowed west past Nashville through Tennessee, and the Tennessee River, which flowed through northern Alabama and western Tennessee. Control of these rivers would cut Tennessee in two and provide the Union with a river route deep into Confederate territory. Backed by armored gunboats, Grant first seized Fort Henry, the Confederacy's main fort on the Tennessee River. He then marched his troops east and surrounded Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. With the fall of Fort Donelson and Fort Henry, all of Kentucky and most of western Tennessee came under Union military control. UNION VICTORY Established Grant's reputation as good leader

George Meade

In June 1863 Lee marched into Pennsylvania, where his troops seized livestock, food, and clothing. After Hooker failed to stop Lee, Lincoln removed him from command and appointed General George Meade as his replacement. REPLACED GENERAL JOSEPH HOOKER Meade immediately headed north to intercept Lee. Battle of Gettysburg, his forces helped Rosecrans at Chattanooga.

Gettysburg Address

In November 1863, Lincoln came to Gettysburg to dedicate a portion of the battlefield as a military cemetery. His speech became one of the best-known orations in American history. Lincoln reminded his listeners that the nation was "conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." He explained that the war was not a battle between regions but a fight for freedom.

Chattanooga

In an effort to save the Union forces in Chattanooga, Lincoln decided to send some of Meade's forces to help Rosecrans. Dozens of trains were assembled, and 11 days later, 20,000 men with their artillery, horses, and equipment arrived near Chattanooga after traveling more than 1,200 miles. Lincoln also decided to reorganize the military leadership in the west, and he placed Grant in overall command. Grant then hurried to Chattanooga to take charge of the coming battle. In late November, he ordered his troops to attack Confederate positions on Lookout Mountain. Charging uphill through swirling fog, the Union forces quickly drove the Southern troops off the mountain. Confederates retreating from Lookout Mountain hurried to join the Southern forces at Missionary Ridge east of Chattanooga. The Confederates were outnumbered, but they awaited a Union attack, secure on a high rugged position just as the Union troops had been at Cemetery Ridge near Gettysburg. Grant did not intend to storm Missionary Ridge. He believed an all-out assault would be suicidal. Instead he ordered General William Tecumseh Sherman to attack Confederate positions on the north end of the ridge. When Sherman failed to break through, Grant ordered 23,000 men under General George Thomas to launch a limited attack against the Confederates in front of Missionary Ridge as a diversion. To Grant's astonishment, Thomas's troops overran the Confederate trenches and charged up the steep slope of Missionary Ridge itself. "They shouted 'Chickamauga,'" The rapid charge scattered the surprised Confederates, who retreated in panic, leaving Missionary Ridge—and Chattanooga—to the Union army. UNION VICTORY

Seven Days Battle

In late June of 1862, Lee began a series of attacks on McClellan's army that became known collectively as the Seven Days' Battle. Although Lee was unable to decisively defeat the Union army, he inflicted heavy casualties and forced McClellan to retreat to the James River. Together the two sides suffered over 30,000 casualties. Despite McClellan's protests, Lincoln ordered him to withdraw from the peninsula and bring his troops back to Washington. (NOT A CONFEDERATE VICTORY BUT UNION RETREAT)

John Slidell

In the autumn of 1861, the Confederacy decided to send permanent ministers to Britain and France to represent its interests. John Slidell of Louisiana was to go to France

James Mason

In the autumn of 1861, the Confederacy decided to send permanent ministers to Britain and France to represent its interests. James Mason of Virginia was to go to Britain.

5. What was the Trent Affair?

In the autumn of 1861, the Confederacy decided to send permanent ministers to Britain and France to represent its interests. Mason and Slidell slipped past the Union blockade on a Southern ship and traveled to Havana, Cuba, where they boarded the Trent, a British ship. When the ship left Havana, Charles Wilkes, captain of the Union warship San Jacinto, intercepted the Trent and arrested the two men. Northerners applauded Wilkes's action. The British, however, were furious over the interference with their ship. They sent an ultimatum to the United States, demanding the release of the two Confederates. Britain sent troops to Canada to strengthen the Atlantic fleet, and war seemed imminent. After a few tense weeks, Lincoln freed Mason and Slidell, commenting, "One war at a time." After being freed, the diplomats continued on their journey to seek Confederate allies. Although the arrest of Mason and Slidell in the so-called Trent Affair had excited interest worldwide, their diplomatic mission failed to gain the support the South wanted.

Trent/Trent Affair

In the autumn of 1861, the Confederacy decided to send permanent ministers to Britain and France to represent its interests. Mason and Slidell slipped past the Union blockade on a Southern ship and traveled to Havana, Cuba, where they boarded the Trent, a British ship. When the ship left Havana, Charles Wilkes, captain of the Union warship San Jacinto, intercepted the Trent and arrested the two men. Northerners applauded Wilkes's action. The British, however, were furious over the interference with their ship. They sent an ultimatum to the United States, demanding the release of the two Confederates. Britain sent troops to Canada to strengthen the Atlantic fleet, and war seemed imminent. After a few tense weeks, Lincoln freed Mason and Slidell, commenting, "One war at a time.". After being freed, the diplomats continued on their journey to seek Confederate allies. Although the arrest of Mason and Slidell in the so-called Trent Affair had excited interest worldwide, their diplomatic mission failed to gain the support the South wanted.

Five Forks

In the trenches near Petersburg, Lee knew that time was running out. On April 1, 1865, Union troops led by Phil Sheridan cut the last rail line into Petersburg at the Battle of Five Forks. The following night, Lee's troops withdrew from their positions near the city and raced west. Lee's desperate attempt to escape Grant's forces failed when Sheridan's cavalry got ahead of Lee's troops and blocked the road at Appomattox Courthouse. When his troops failed to break through, Lee sadly observed, "There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths." With his ragged and battered troops surrounded and outnumbered, Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865. UNION VICTORY

9. Why and where did General Lee surrender?

Meanwhile, in the trenches near Petersburg, Lee knew that time was running out. On April 1, 1865, Union troops led by Phil Sheridan cut the last rail line into Petersburg at the Battle of Five Forks. The following night, Lee's troops withdrew from their positions near the city and raced west. Lee's desperate attempt to escape Grant's forces failed when Sheridan's cavalry got ahead of Lee's troops and blocked the road at Appomattox Courthouse. When his troops failed to break through, Lee sadly observed, "There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths." With his ragged and battered troops surrounded and outnumbered, Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865.

7. Why did Lee and Davis decide the South should invade Maryland?

Lee and Jefferson Davis believed that only an invasion would convince the North to accept the South's independence and that a victory on Northern soil might help the South win recognition from the British and help the Peace Democrats gain control of Congress in the upcoming midterm elections. By heading north, Lee could also feed his troops from Northern farms and draw Union troops out of Virginia during harvest season. The British government had been ready to intervene in the war as a mediator if Lee's invasion had succeeded. It had also begun making plans to recognize the Confederacy in the event the North rejected mediation. Lee's defeat at Antietam changed everything. The British decided once again to wait and see how the war progressed, and with this decision the South lost its best chance at gaining international recognition and support. The South's defeat at Antietam had an even greater political impact in the United States. It convinced Lincoln that the time had come to end slavery in the South. Thought england and france would recognize the south if they could march an army through maryland, foraging

Appomattox Court House

Lee's desperate attempt to escape Grant's forces failed when Sheridan's cavalry got ahead of Lee's troops and blocked the road at Appomattox Courthouse.

John Wilkes Booth

Lincoln's assassinator

War Democrats & Peace Democrats

Northern Democrats were divided. War Democrats, strongly supported the conflict and hoped to restore the Union to the way it was before the war. This group also opposed ending slavery. Peace Democrats opposed the war and called for reuniting the states through negotiation rather than force. Their support of this unlikely possibility angered Republicans, who saw any opposition to the war as treason. Republicans referred to Peace Democrats as Copperheads, after the venomous snake.

Clara Barton

Not all women helping at the front lines were members of the Sanitary Commission. On her own, Clara Barton decided to leave her job in a patent office to nurse soldiers on the battlefield. With her face sometimes bluish with gunpowder, Barton fed the sick, bandaged the wounded, and even dug out bullets with her own small knife. FOUNDED THE AMERICAN RED CROSS

Mobile Bay

On August 5, 1864, David Farragut took 18 ships past the three Confederate forts defending Mobile Bay. As the fleet headed into the bay, a mine—which in the 1860s was called a torpedo—blew up a Union ship. The explosion brought the fleet to a halt, right in front of a fort's guns. Farragut ship led the way through the minefield. After getting past the Confederate forts, Farragut's ships destroyed a Confederate fleet defending Mobile Bay. Although Farragut did not capture Mobile, he did seal off the bay. Blockade runners moving goods in and out of the Deep South east of the Mississippi could no longer use any port on the Gulf of Mexico.

Fredericksburg

On December 13, 1862, Burnside ordered a series of bloody assaults against Lee's troops entrenched in the hills south of Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Union troops suffered more than 12,000 casualties, more than twice as many as the Confederates. Lincoln replaced Burnside with General Joseph Hooker. Hooker devised a plan to get at Lee's troops on the hills near Fredericksburg: he left a large part of his army at Fredericksburg to keep Lee's troops from moving and took the rest of the army west to circle around behind Lee's troops and attack them from the rear. Realizing what was going on, Lee also divided his forces. He too left a small force at Fredericksburg and headed west with most of his troops to stop Hooker. CONFEDERATE VICTORY

Thirteenth Amendment

On January 31, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, banning slavery in the United States, narrowly passed the House of Representatives and was sent to the states for ratification.

Benjamin Grierson

Ordered by Grant to take 1,700 troops on a cavalry raid through Mississippi. His forces traveled 600 miles in two weeks, tearing up railroads, burning depots, and fighting skirmishes. His raid distracted the Confederate forces defending Vicksburg and enabled Grant to move his troops south of the city, part of the Union

David Farragut

Part of the Union, led ships that sealed off Mobile Bay.

copperheads

Republicans referred to Peace Democrats as Copperheads, after the venomous snake.

5. What natural feature did the Union use to attack and defeat the South in the West?

Rivers allowed the union to use steamboats with cannons. Cumberland, Tennessee Rivers

4. Why was the capture of Atlanta important?

Sherman ordered all civilians to leave Atlanta. He explained to the city's mayor that he was "not only fighting hostile armies, but hostile people." To end the war, he believed, he had no choice but to "make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war." Revitalize the North's support of the war.

Ambrose Burnside

Shortly after McClellan's victory at Antietam, Lincoln became frustrated with the general. At Antietam, McClellan could have destroyed Lee's army, but he let the Confederates slip away. He then moved so slowly after the battle that Lee was able to recover from his defeat at Antietam and block McClellan's advance on Richmond. On November 7, 1862, Lincoln fired McClellan and gave command of the army to General Ambrose Burnside. REPLACED GENERAL GEORGE MCCLELLAN Lincoln wanted a general who was not intimidated by Lee's reputation. He urged Burnside to push south into Virginia and destroy Lee's army. On December 13, 1862, Burnside ordered a series of bloody assaults against Lee's troops entrenched in the hills south of Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Union troops suffered more than 12,000 casualties, more than twice as many as the Confederates. Distressed by the defeat and faced with complaints about Burnside from other officers, Lincoln replaced him with General Joseph Hooker. REPLACED BY GENERAL JOSEPH HOOKER

hardtack

Soldiers learned to gulp down tasteless food. For the Union soldier, meals often consisted of hardtack (a hard biscuit made of wheat flour).

4. What was life like for soldiers in the field?

Some Southern soldiers had to sleep without blankets and tramp the roads shoeless. Union soldier Elisha Rhodes wrote home that "all that we have to eat is the cattle killed by the way. No bread or salt in the Regiment and I am most starved." Soldiers learned to gulp down tasteless food. For the Union soldier, meals often consisted of hardtack, potatoes, and beans, flavored at times with dried salt pork (pork fat cured in salty brine). Confederate soldiers had little coffee, and their bread was usually made of corn meal. Whenever possible, soldiers on both sides supplemented their diet with fruit or vegetables seized or purchased from farms they passed. Suffering, hardships, no bathrooms, made baseball

Stonewall Jackson

Southern reinforcements from Virginia, led by Thomas J. Jackson moved into the line during the First Battle of Bull Run. As Confederate troops retreated past Jackson, their commander yelled: "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall! Rally behind the Virginians!" Went on to become one of the most effective commanders in the Confederate army

Philip Sheridan

Stopped by Lee at Cold Harbor, Grant tried another plan similar to the one he had used near Vicksburg. He ordered General Philip Sheridan to stage a cavalry raid north and west of Richmond. While Sheridan's troops distracted Lee, Grant headed southeast, crossed the James River, and then turned west toward Petersburg. Capturing Petersburg would cut the only rail line into Richmond. On April 1, 1865, Union troops led by Phil Sheridan cut the last rail line into Petersburg at the Battle of Five Forks. UNION SOLDIER AT COLD HARBOR AND PETERSBURG//BATTLE OF FIVE FORKS

Siege of Petersburg

Stopped by Lee at Cold Harbor, Grant tried another plan similar to the one he had used near Vicksburg. He ordered General Philip Sheridan to stage a cavalry raid north and west of Richmond. While Sheridan's troops distracted Lee, Grant headed southeast, crossed the James River, and then turned west toward Petersburg. Capturing Petersburg would cut the only rail line into Richmond. When the first Union troops reached the outskirts of Petersburg, they paused. The city was defended by miles of barricades 20 feet. In front of the Confederate trenches were ditches up to 15 feet deep to slow down attackers. Carefully positioned cannons supported the Confederate lines. The strength of the defenses the Confederates had erected at Petersburg intimidated the Union troops, who were already exhausted. Realizing a full-scale frontal assault would be suicidal, Grant ordered his troops to put the city under siege. UNION VICTORY

3. What problems did Jefferson Davis face in governing the Confederacy?

The Confederate constitution emphasized states' rights and limited the central government's power. This commitment to states' right often interfered with Davis's ability to conduct the war. Enforcing any law

bounty

The North at first tried to encourage voluntary enlistment by offering a bounty— a sum of money given as a bonus—to individuals who promised three years of military service.

2. What effect did the war have on the North's economy?

The North experienced an economic boom because of the war. Its growing industries supplied the troops at the front with clothes, munitions, and other necessities, while innovations in agriculture helped minimize the loss of labor as men left to fight. The expanded use of mechanized reapers and mowers made farming possible with fewer workers, many of whom were women.Women also filled labor shortages in various industries, particularly in clothing and shoemaking factories. New sewing machines greatly increased the productivity of seamstresses. As women entered the textile industry, the North produced an abundance of clothes for its soldiers, and the industry profited from government contracts.

11.What were the three main facts of the aftermath of the Civil War?

The North's victory in the Civil War strengthened the power of the federal government over the states. It also transformed American society by finally ending the enslavement of millions of African Americans. At the same time, it left the South socially and economically devastated.

1. What was the significance of the First Battle of Bull Run?

The Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run made it clear that the North would need a large, well trained army to defeat the South. Lincoln had originally called for 75,000 men to serve for three months. The day after Bull Run, he signed another bill for the enlistment of 500,000 men for three years. Need to create larger army, made people realize it's going to be a long war

6. Why was capturing Chattanooga important for the Union?

The first battle of Grant's campaign erupted in the Wilderness, a densely forested area near Fredericksburg, Virginia. The battle lasted two days, continuing even after the woods caught fire, blinding and choking the combatants. Despite suffering heavy casualties, Grant did not pause. He headed southeast toward Spotsylvania Courthouse. First in terrible heat and then in pouring rain, the two armies battled near Spotsylvania for 11 days, often in bloody hand-to-hand combat that left many traumatized. Unlike past campaigns in which several weeks of reinforcing and resupplying followed battles, warfare now continued without pause. Savage combat, advances and retreats, and the digging of defensive trenches filled most days and nights.

Spotsylvania Court House

The first battle of Grant's campaign erupted in the Wilderness, a densely forested area near Fredericksburg, Virginia. The battle lasted two days, continuing even after the woods caught fire, blinding and choking the combatants. Despite suffering heavy casualties, Grant did not pause. He headed southeast toward Spotsylvania Courthouse. First in terrible heat and then in pouring rain, the two armies battled near Spotsylvania for 11 days, often in bloody hand-to-hand combat that left many traumatized. Unlike past campaigns in which several weeks of reinforcing and resupplying followed battles, warfare now continued without pause. Savage combat, advances and retreats, and the digging of defensive trenches filled most days and nights.

1. What were the effects of food shortages on the South?

The food shortages hurt Southern morale, and people began to question the sacrifices they were being called upon to make—or to demand of others. Hearing of the hardships, many Confederate soldiers deserted and returned home to help their families. In the spring of 1863, the food shortages led to riots. In several communities, mobs of women armed with knives and guns marched into shops to seize food. The riot finally ended when Jefferson Davis confronted the mob with a company of militia troops and ordered the rioters to disperse. Plenty of food but the issue was transporting it around. Shortages in cities typically.

Andersonville

The most infamous prison in the South for Union Prisoners of War in southwest Georgia, was an open camp with no shade or shelter for its huge population. Exposure, overcrowding, lack of food, and disease killed more than 100 men per day during the sweltering summer of 1864. In all, 13,000 of the 45,000 prisoners sent to Andersonville died in the camp.

Ford's Theater

Theater where Abraham Lincoln was assassinated.

4. Why did the Confederate States want Britain and France to recognize them as an independent country?

They wanted the Europeans, particularly the British, to recognize the South, declare the Union blockade illegal, and then use the British navy to assist the South in its struggle with the North. Britain and France had large navies

8. Explain the election of 1864.

To oppose Lincoln in the 1864 election, the Democrats nominated General George McClellan, whose popularity had remained high despite his dismissal earlier in the war. Playing to the country's growing war weariness, McClellan promised to stop the hostilities and open negotiations with the South to restore the Union peaceably. The capture of Atlanta came just in time to revitalize Northern support for the war and for Lincoln himself. The president won reelection with 55 percent of the popular vote.

Cold Harbor

Unable to break Lee's lines at Spotsylvania, Grant headed toward Cold Harbor, a strategic crossroads northeast of Richmond. Convinced that his relentless attacks had weakened and demoralized Lee's troops, Grant decided to launch an all-out assault on Lee's forces at Cold Harbor. The attack cost his army 7,000 casualties, compared to 1,500 for the South. CONFEDERATE VICTORY

4. What was the result of Pickett's Charge?

Union cannons and guns opened fire, inflicting 7,000 casualties in less than half an hour of fighting; less than 5,000 Confederate troops made it up the ridge, and Union troops overwhelmed those who did.

2. How were battles fought differently under Grant?

Unlike past campaigns in which several weeks of reinforcing and resupplying followed battles, warfare now continued without pause. Savage combat, advances and retreats, and the digging of defensive trenches filled most days and nights.

7. Why did President Lincoln doubt that he could win the election of 1864?

When Sherman and Grant began their campaigns in the spring of 1864, Lincoln knew that his own reelection depended on their success. By summer, sensing the public's anger over the costly war, Lincoln confided to an army officer, "I am going to be beaten."

Antietam

When he learned that McClellan had been sent after him, Lee ordered his troops to congregate near Sharpsburg, Maryland. Meanwhile, McClellan's troops took positions along Antietam Creek, east of Lee. On September 17, 1862, McClellan ordered his troops to attack. Bloodiest one-day battle in the war and in American history, ended with over 6,000 men killed and another 16,000 wounded. Although McClellan did not break Lee's lines, he inflicted so many casualties that Lee decided to retreat to Virginia. The Battle of Antietam was a crucial victory for the Union. The British government had been ready to intervene in the war as a mediator if Lee's invasion had succeeded. It had also begun making plans to recognize the Confederacy in the event the North rejected mediation. Lee's defeat at Antietam changed everything. The British decided once again to wait and see how the war progressed, and with this decision the South lost its best chance at gaining international recognition and support. The South's defeat at Antietam had an even greater political impact in the United States. It convinced Lincoln that the time had come to end slavery in the South. UNION VICTORY Led to emancipation proclamation

Atlanta

While Farragut had been preparing for his attack on Mobile Bay, Sherman's army pushed toward Atlanta. In late August 1864, Sherman sent his troops south around Atlanta to cut the roads and railways leading into the city. His troops destroyed the rail lines by heating the rails and twisting them into snarls of steel nicknamed "Sherman neckties." To avoid being trapped in the city, Confederate General John B. Hood evacuated Atlanta on September 1. After occupying Atlanta, Sherman proposed to march across Georgia.

8. Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation? What areas of the South did it affect and why?

With Northern casualties rising to staggering levels, however, many Northerners began to agree that slavery had to end, in part to punish the South and in part to make the soldiers' sacrifices worthwhile. Because the Proclamation freed enslaved African Americans only in states at war with the Union, it did not address slavery in the border states.

Lincoln's Assassination

With the war over, Lincoln described his plan to restore the Southern states to the Union, and in the speech he mentioned including African Americans in Southern state governments. One listener, the actor John Wilkes Booth, sneered to a friend, "That is the last speech he will ever make." The president's advisers repeatedly warned him not to appear unescorted in public. Nevertheless, Lincoln went to Ford's Theater with his wife on the evening of April 14, 1865, to see a play. During the third act, Booth slipped quietly behind him and shot the president in the back of the head. Lincoln's death shocked the nation. Once viewed as a rustic, unsophisticated man not suited for the presidency, Lincoln had become the Union's greatest champion. The usually stern General Grant wept openly as Lincoln's body lay in state at the White House. Tens of thousands of men, women, and children lined railroad tracks across the nation as Lincoln's body was transported back to Springfield, Illinois.

Ely Parker

a Senecan who served as Grant's secretary, Native American

The Wilderness

a densely forested area near Fredericksburg, Virginia. Where first battle of Grant's campaign erupted in

habeas corpus

a person's right not to be imprisoned unless charged with a crime and given a trial. A writ of habeas corpus is a court order that requires the government to either charge an imprisoned person with a crime or let the person go free.

First Battle of Bull Run

aka Battle of Manassas, First major battle of the war. In the first months of the Civil War, President Lincoln was under great pressure to strike quickly against the South. Confederate troops, led by General P.G.T. Beauregard, were gathering 25 miles south of Washington, D.C., near Manassas Junction, an important railroad center in northern Virginia. Lincoln approved an assault on these forces, hoping that a Union victory would lead to a quick end to the conflict. At first, the attack went well for the Union. Its forces slowly pushed the Confederates back from their positions behind a stream called Bull Run. During the fighting, Southern reinforcements from Virginia, led by Thomas J. Jackson moved into the line. As Confederate reinforcements arrived, Union commander General Irwin McDowell decided to fall back. The retreat quickly turned into a panic, although the exhausted Confederate troops did not pursue the Union forces very far. The Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run made it clear that the North would need a large, well trained army to defeat the South. CONFEDERATE VICTORY

4. How did the Confederates try to break the Union Blockade?

blockade runners, boats designed to go fast leave southern port at night and then go to england and france and buy military equipment, stop in bermuda for coal and wood, calculations,

Vicksburg

city located on the east bank of the Mississippi River. Grant tried to approach the city from the north, but the land was too swampy, and the rivers in the area were covered with vegetation and blocked by trees. Grant decided to move his troops across the Mississippi to the west bank and then march south. Once he was past the city, he intended to cross back to the east bank of the river and attack the city from the south. To distract the Confederates Grant ordered Benjamin Grierson to take 1,700 troops on a cavalry raid through Mississippi which enabled Grant to move his troops south of the city. After returning to the east bank of the Mississippi, Grant embarked on a daring march east, ordering his troops to live off the country. Foraging as they marched, Grant's troops headed east into Mississippi. They captured the town of Jackson before turning back west toward Vicksburg. Grant's troops marched an astonishing 180 miles in 17 days, fought 5 battles, and inflicted 7,200 casualties on the Confederates. The march ended by driving the Confederate forces back into their defenses at Vicksburg. In May 1863, Grant launched two assaults on Vicksburg, but the city's defenders repulsed both attacks and inflicted high casualties. Grant decided that the only way to take the city was to put it under siege the city until its defenders gave up. On July 4, 1863, with his troops starving, the Confederate commander at Vicksburg surrendered. The Union victory had cut the Confederacy in two. UNION VICTORY, most important victory in the West???

mandate

clear sign from the voters

conoidal bullets

cone shaped—bullet for rifles. Rifles firing conoidal bullets were accurate at much greater ranges.

Joseph E. Johnston

during the peninsula campaign, Confederate commander, General Joseph E. Johnston, attacked McClellan's army, inflicting heavy casualties. After Johnston was wounded in the battle, General Robert E. Lee was placed in command.

conscription

forcing people into military service

Winfield Scott

general in chief of the United States, proposed a strategy for defeating the South. Scott suggested that the Union blockade Confederate ports and send gunboats down the Mississippi to divide the Confederacy. The South, thus separated, would gradually run out of resources and surrender. The plan would take time, Scott admitted, but it would defeat the South with the least amount of bloodshed.

foraging

living off the country, searching and raiding for food

bayonets

long knives attached to the front of their guns.

pillaged

looted

Kate Cumming

of Mobile, Alabama, served as a nurse following the Battle of Shiloh. Published a diary vividly describing a makeshift hospital. FROM THE SOUTH

William T. Sherman

ordered by Grant to attack Confederate positions on the north end of missionary ridge in Battle of Chattanooga. When Sherman failed to break through, Grant ordered 23,000 men under General George Thomas to launch a limited attack against the Confederates in front of Missionary Ridge as a diversion.

greenbacks

paper money, green color

Joseph Hooker

replaced Ambrose Burnside, UNION, SPLIT OFF FROM FREDERICKSBURG,

blockade runner

small, fast vessels the South used to smuggle goods past the blockade, usually under cover of night. By using blockade runners, the South could ship at least some of its cotton to Europe in exchange for shoes, rifles, and other supplies. The amount of material that made it through the blockade, however, was much less than the amount that had been shipped before the war.

Henry Wirz

the commandant at Andersonville, became the only person executed for war crimes during the Civil War.

attrition

the wearing down of one side by the other through exhaustion of soldiers and resources

siege

to cut off its food and supplies and bombard the city until its defenders gave up

David G. Farragut

took command of a Union force in February 1862 composed of 42 warships and 15,000 soldiers led by General Benjamin Butler. At the time, Farragut was 60 years old. He had gone to sea at age 9 and was a veteran of the War of 1812 and the war with Mexico Although born in the South, Farragut was a staunch supporter of the Union. Captured New Orleans in 1862 through daring moves that made him a hero in the North.

Alabama & Florida

two of the most famous Confederate raiders, operating out of foreign ports attacked Northern merchant ships at sea. The Alabama captured 64 ships before a Union warship sank it off the coast of France in 1864. The Florida destroyed 38 merchant ships before being captured at a harbor in Brazil. The damage done by these two ships strained relations between the United States and Great Britain. Union officials did not think Great Britain should have allowed the ships to be built, and they demanded Britain pay damages for the losses the Union suffered.