Ch 11 SmartBook Activity: Social Psychology
In Milgram's classic obedience study, what percentage of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator -- 450 volts -- to shock the learner?
65%
What is the definition of conformity?
A change in behavior brought about by following the standards of others
Which of the following features was not one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?
A person's artistic ability
Which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips? (Select all that apply.)
A person's sexual orientation A person's propensity for violence A person's romantic interest in the participant
In which of the following situations is groupthink most likely to occur?
A powerful leader is surrounded by people of lower status.
Which of the following summarizes the evolutionary psychology explanation of altruistic behavior?
Altruism is more likely to occur among family members, so helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes.
What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around?
Bystander effect
Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance? (Select all that apply.)
Change the behavior causing the dissonance. Change the attitude causing the dissonance.
Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what?
Cognitive dissonance
What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes?
Cognitive dissonance
What type of love occurs later in a relationship and is characterized by strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved?
Companionate love
[blank] involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring,
Egoism
_____ involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring,
Egoism
What is a key emotion involved in altruism and happens when we feel a oneness with the emotional state of another?
Empathy
[blank] can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups.
Empathy
_____ is a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.
Empathy
______ can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups.
Empathy
What type of love is a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal?
Passionate
[blank] [blank] refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.
Person perception
What is the term for expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur?
Self-fulfilling prophecies
If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe?
Stereotyping
Person perception is which of the following?
The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others
What is the definition of social psychology?
The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
[blank] love is also called companionate love, and it occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another.
affectionate
We all adhere to the rules and norms of society to some degree. The fact that we attend work or school clothed, rather than nude, is an example of [blank].
conformity
Shelby's friends congratulate her on the beautiful cake she baked for an upcoming party. Shelby says that the cake was easy to make because she read the recipe carefully and allowed herself plenty of time to get it made. Shelby is attributing her success at baking the cake to a(n) _____ cause.
controllable
Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make [blank] rapidly.
decisions
The term [blank] is used to describe a process that occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility. One explanation for this is that being a group member gives us anonymity.
deindividuation
_____ occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility.
deindividuation
Cognitive [blank] is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.
dissonance
To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called _____.
effort justification
The [blank] likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.
elaboration
The _____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.
elaboration
Critics of [blank] psychology theory argue that humans have the decision-making ability to change their gender behavior and are not locked in to past behavior patterns.
evolutionary
The [blank] perspective of reciprocity is to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual isn't actually family.
evolutionary
[blank] psychologists focus on gender differences in the accounting of attraction. The goal for both sexes, by this account, is to procreate.
evolutionary
Which type of psychology researchers have used personal ads as evidence of sex-based differences in mate selection?
evolutionary psychologists
Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____ cause.
external
Social [blank] occurs when an individual's performance improves due to the presence of others.
facilitation
Social _____ is when an individual's performance improves in the presence of others.
facilitation
True or false: When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present.
false
The [blank] attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.
fundamental
The _____ may be explained by the fact that when making attributions about someone, the immediate environment is more stable and less attention-grabbing than the observed person's behavior.
fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as ______.
fundamental attribution error
To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called effort [blank].
justification
The bystander effect makes it (more/less) likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.
less
When several students are assigned to do a group presentation, only three of the four actually do the required work. A social psychologist would refer to this as social [blank].
loafing
The [blank] [blank] effect means that the more we encounter someone (or something), the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing.
mere exposure
Miko has just transferred to a new high school and starts to dress and act like the popular students there because she wants them to like her. This is an example of [blank] social influence.
normative
[blank] social influence is the influence that other people have on us because we want them to like and approve of us.
normative
The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us is ____.
normative social influence
Milgram's classic study involving teachers, learners, and electric shock was designed to examine the power of _____.
obedience
[blank] is a change in behavior in response to the commands of others.
obedience
[blank] is behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.
obedience
Evolutionary psychologists propose that sex differences in mate selection relate to biological differences in the production of offspring. Evolutionary psychologists have used _____ as evidence of these evolutionary differences.
personal ads
[blank] involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.
persuasion
_____ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.
persuasion
Group [blank] effect is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion.
polarization
Group _____ effect is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion.
polarization
Evolutionary psychologists focus on gender differences in the accounting of attraction. The goal for both sexes is to _____.
procreate
Social loafing occurs when an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the (increased/reduced) accountability for individual effort.
reduced
[blank] love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation.
romantic
The _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.
self-serving bias
When someone is asked to identify themselves and they answer with the religious or ethnic group affiliations, this is stating their [blank] identity.
social
[blank] [blank] is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.
social cognition
[blank] [blank] theory states that how we define ourselves in terms of our group memberships is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves.
social identity
Noah sees a man in a store yelling at the cashier and thinks, "That guy is a mean jerk." Noah is attributing the man's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.
stable
A [blank] is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences.
stereotype
[blank] threat is one's fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.
stereotype
Checking a box that asks respondents to indicate their ethnicity can, in turn, activate _____.
stereotype threat
Women in science and math settings may perform more poorly because the self-fulfilling prophesy, in the form of [blank] [blank], took their attention.
stereotype threat
Which of the following is an example of mere exposure?
Finding a person attractive because you bump into him or her frequently
When people tend to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the situation, this refers to which of the following?
Fundamental attribution error
Altruism is which of the following?
Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself
Egoism is which of the following?
Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity
_____ people are more likely to help others.
Happy
[blank] are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions rapidly.
Heuristics
Attribution theory is which of the following?
The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others
Social cognition is which of the following?
The way in which individuals think in social situations
True or false: The physical attractiveness of an individual delivering a message can affect how persuasive the message is.
True
Critics of evolutionary psychology theory cite which of the following findings to bolster their criticism of evolutionary theory in attraction? (Select all that apply.)
Variation in mate preference Cross-cultural variation in gender behavior
When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior? (Select all that apply.)
When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes When a person has strong attitudes
Which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would not expect attitudes to guide behavior?
When the person's attitudes changed recently
In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _____, he or she was more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was ____, he or she was likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all.
alone; with another bystander
[blank] is giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.
altruism
In the field of social psychology, the term [blank] describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept.
attitude
[blank] are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts.
attitude
[blank] theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.
attribution
The self-serving [blank] refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.
bias
[blank] cultures value the group and cooperation.
collectivistic
Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _____ attitude change compared to those who are less attractive.
greater
[blank] is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.
groupthink
[blank] cultures value personal accomplishments, differences, and uniqueness.
individualistic
We _____ the positive aspects of our in-group and at the same time _____ those of out-groups.
inflate; devalue
The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as _____.
informational social influence
Matt sees a painting that Ben painted and says that the painting is good because Ben is a talented artist. Matt is attributing Ben's work on the painting.to a(n) _____ cause.
internal
A person who experiences stereotype ______ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.
threat
Sierra arrives at work late but states that it isn't her fault because there was a car accident on the highway. Sierra is attributing her lateness to a(n) _____ cause.
uncontrollable
Bill pays for Madeline's lunch and seems very happy. Madeline thinks to herself, "Bill must be in an unusually good mood today." Madeline is attributing Bill's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.
unstable