Ch 11 Social Psychology Questions

____ is a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person. a. Empathy b. Egoism c. Altruism

a. Empathy

The limbic system and the frontal lobes are the brain structures related to the social behavior known as _____

aggression

Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe? a. discrimination b. conformity c. self-fulfilling prophesy d. stereotyping

d. stereotyping

in one study, just a 100-millisecond exposure was long enough for participants to form a(n) _____ of the unfamiliar individual

impression

Which of the following is a method to help people avoid persuasion? a. The central route b. The peripheral route c. Inoculation d. Cognitive dissonance

c. Inoculation

The ____ perspective of reciprocity is to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual isn't actually family.

evolutionary

One theory of aggression suggests that ____ (the reaction to the thwarting or blocking of goals) produces anger, leading to a readiness to display ____.

frustration aggression

The ____ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.

fundamental

the ____ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation

fundamental

____ comparison is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.

social

The culture of honor was examined in a study, and researchers found that people from ____ U.S. states are more likely to perceive an insult from a stranger as "fighting words."

southern

____ threat is one's fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group

stereotype

a ____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences

stereotype

Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what? a. Social cognition b. Cognitive dissonance c. Assumed-similarity bias d. Fundamental attribution error

b. Cognitive dissonance

____ are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts.

attitudes

individuals who are perceived as ____ tend to get better treatment from others than those who are not

attractive

____ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are

attribution

Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error? a. Antonio is attractive, so he is also a good student. b. Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner. c. You got an A in psychology because you studied hard and a D in biology because the teacher doesn't like you. d. You just met Antonio and already feel like you have lot in common.

b. Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner.

What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis state? a. Aggression is always caused by frustration. b. Frustration always leads to aggression. c. Frustration leads to aggression about 50% of the time. d. Frustration is the first level of aggression.

b. Frustration always leads to aggression.

which of the following features was not one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips? a. A person's romantic interest in the participant b. A person's sexual orientation c. A person's propensity for violence d. A person's artistic ability

d. A person's artistic ability

true or false: Kitty Genovese's murder inspired research on peoples' likelihood of helping a person in distress

true

Noah sees a man in a store yelling at the cashier and thinks, "That guy is a mean jerk." Noah is attributing the man's behavior to a(n) _____ cause a. unstable b. bystander c. stable d. groupthink

c. stable

____ are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions rapidly

heuristics

Matt sees a painting that Ben painted and says that the painting is good because Ben is a talented artist. Matt is attributing Ben's work on the painting to a(n) _____ cause

internal

To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called effort ____

justification

the bystander effect makes it (more/less) likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around

less

True or false: People with higher socioeconomic status tend to be more likely to help than those with lower socioeconomic status.

False

_____ theory explains the connection between attitudes and behaviors by suggesting that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behavior. a. Self-perception b. Cognitive dissonance c. Self-connection d. Elaboration likelihood

a. Self-perception

The hormone related to aggression is which of the following? a. Testosterone b. Oxytocin c. Progesterone d. Estrogen

a. Testosterone

When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior? (Select all that apply.) a. When a person has strong attitudes b. When the person's attitude changed recently c. When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes d. When the person's attitudes do not affect the individual personally e. When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes

a. When a person has strong attitudes c. When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes e. When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes

which of the following research methods do social psychologists use most often? a. experimental methods b. descriptive methods c. deductive methods d. correlation methods

a. experimental methods

Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _____ attitude change compared to those who are less attractive. a. greater b. lesser c. no d. no difference in

a. greater

In the field of social psychology, the term ____ describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept.

attitude

Altruism is which of the following? a. Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity b. Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself c. Giving in to the request of another person d. Adhering to social norms of expected behavior

b. Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

person perception is which of the following? a. the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people b. the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others c. the study of human societies, organizations, and institutions d. the way in which individuals think in social situations

b. the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

A person who experiences stereotype ______ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group a. bias b. threat c. serving d. factors

b. threat

_____ refers to directly physically or verbally harming another person. a. Relational aggression b. Individual aggression c. Overt aggression d. Risky shift

c. Overt aggression

What is the term for expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur? a. Acts of discrimination b. Fundamental attribution errors c. Self-fulfilling prophecies d. Stereotypes

c. Self-fulfilling prophecies

Researchers who take a ____ viewpoint examine the influence of genetics and neurobiological factors on aggression. a. psychological b. social c. biological d. psychodynamic

c. biological

Positive illusions are which of the following? a. Part of self-image in which we see our physical features as slightly more attractive than they objectively are b. False positive correlations between attitudes and behavior c. Phenomena only observed in settings in which groupthink is a danger d. Positive views of oneself that are not deeply rooted in reality

d. Positive views of oneself that are not deeply rooted in reality

Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____ cause a. internal b. stereotypes c. stable d. external

d. external

multiple choice In so-called cultures of honor, a man's reputation _____. a. is tied to his altruistic behavior b. for being level-headed is crucial to his family's honor; a man who is overly aggressive brings shame to his family c. is not as critical as a woman's reputation d. is an essential aspect of his (and his family's) economic survival. Such cultures may foster aggressive behavior

d. is an essential aspect of his (and his family's) economic survival. Such cultures may foster aggressive behavior

Jon got a B on his psychology exam. He isn't sure if this is good, so he asks Kate how well she did. Jon is using _____ to evaluate his performance. a. self-serving bias b. schemas c. social loafing d. social comparison

d. social comparison

what is the definition of social psychology? a. the study of how people influence other people b. perceptual cues and the study of people and communities c. the study of how people perceive other people d. the study of how people, think about, influence, and relate to other people

d. the study of how people, think about, influence, and relate to other people

Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make ____ rapidy

decisions

Cognitive ____ is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.

dissonance

A persuasion tool that involves making a big pitch at the beginning of a sale is called the ____-in-the-face technique.

door

____ involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring.

egoism

____ can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups.

empathy

A persuasion tool that involves making a small request at the beginning of a sale is called the ____-in-the-door technique

foot

_____ _____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

person perception

____ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.

persuasion

Helping others consistently leads to increased ____ mood.

positive

Anything that makes us think aggressive thoughts could be associated with aggression. The concept from cognitive psychology is ____: anything that makes something salient to a person.

priming

____ is a key aspect of altruistic behavior

reciprocity

____ - ____ is the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves

self-esteem

High levels of the neurotransmitter ____ are associated with prosocial behavior.

serotonin

Lower levels of the neurotransmitter _____ have been linked to aggressive behavior.

serotonin

The ____ learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive.

social

____ psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.

social

_______ ______ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information

social cognition

true or false: social psychologists tend to use experimental methods more often than descriptive methods

true

Which of the following personality traits is most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors? a. Agreeableness b. Conscientiousness c. Openness to experience d. Extroversion

a. Agreeableness

Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance? (Select all that apply.) a. Change the behavior causing the dissonance. b. Ignore the attitude causing the dissonance. c. Change the attitude causing the dissonance. d. Change the level of dissonance.

a. Change the behavior causing the dissonance. c. Change the attitude causing the dissonance.

When people tend to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the situation, this refers to which of the following? a. Fundamental attribution error b. Biases of attribution c. Error of attribution d. False consensus effect

a. Fundamental attribution error

Which of the following are NOT associated with aggression? a. High levels of introversion b. Low levels of conscientiousness c. Low levels of agreeableness d. Callous attitude

a. High levels of introversion

How long did it take participants in one research study to form an impression of an unfamiliar face? a. Less than a second b. Less than a minute c. Less than 30 seconds d. Less than 3 minute

a. Less than a second

Which of the following personality traits are associated with aggression? a. Low levels of agreeableness b. Neuroticism c. Introversion d. Coldness toward others e. Callousness f. Low levels of conscientiousness

a. Low levels of agreeableness d. Coldness toward others e. Callousness f. Low levels of conscientiousness

Which of the following are linked to aggression? (Select all that apply) a. Lower levels of serotonin b. Observing others engaging in aggression c. Unconscious thoughts and feelings d. Presence of a weapon

a. Lower levels of serotonin b. Observing others engaging in aggression d. Presence of a weapon

Which of the following neurotransmitters and/or neurohormones are associated with prosocial behavior? (Select all that apply.) a. Oxytocin b. Dopamine c. Serotonin d. Norepinephrine e. GABA

a. Oxytocin b. Dopamine c. Serotonin

In a classic study examining cognitive dissonance, participants were asked to do a boring task and then were paid either $1 or $20 to tell others that the task was enjoyable. Which of the following accurately describes what the researchers found? a. The participants who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20. b. The participants who were told that the task was boring rated the task as more enjoyable than those who were told the task was fun. c. The participants who were paid $20 rated the task as more enjoyable than the participants who were paid $1. d. The participants who were told the task was enjoyable rated the task as more fun than those who were not told anything about the task.

a. The participants who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20.

Which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would not expect attitudes to guide behavior? a. When the person's attitudes changed recently b. When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes c. When a person has strong attitudes d. When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes

a. When the person's attitudes changed recently

According to self-perception theory, individuals often make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own _____. a. behavior b. stressors c. perception d. personality

a. behavior

what is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around? a. bystander effect b. fundamental attribution error c. altruism d. elaboration likelihood

a. bystander effect

The _____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive. a. elaboration b. persuasion c. cognitive dissonance d. heuristic

a. elaboration

In Festinger's classic cognitive dissonance study, participants who were _____ rated a boring task a more enjoyable. a. paid less b. allowed to quit c. deceived d. paid more

a. paid less

When we feel compassion for another person's suffering, areas of the midbrain associated with the perception of _____ are activated. a. pain b. danger c. happiness d. tactile (touch) information

a. pain

the murder of Kitty Genovese inspired researchers to examine whether _____ a. people are less likely to help if others are present b. people are willing to put themselves in danger to help a stranger c. there is a personality profile that indicates a greater likelihood of becoming a violent criminal d. women are more vulnerable to violent attacks

a. people are less likely to help if others are present

If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate? a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. discrimination c. prejudicial behaviors d. modern racism

a. self-fulfilling prophecy

The _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures a. self-serving bias b. false consensus effect c. bystander effect d. fundamental attribution error

a. self-serving bias

social cognition is which of the following? a. the way in which individuals think in social situations b. the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others c. the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people d. the study of human societies, organizations, and institutions

a. the way in which individuals think in social situations

Sierra arrives at work late but states that it isn't her fault because there was a car accident on the highway. Sierra is attributing her lateness to a(n) _____ cause a. uncontrollable b. attributional c. internal d. stable

a. uncontrollable

Bill pays for Madeline's lunch and seems very happy. Madeline thinks to herself, "Bill must be in an unusually good mood today." Madeline is attributing Bill's behavior to a(n) _____ cause a. unstable b. stable c. groupthink d. bystander

a. unstable

Individuals ____ often possess a variety of positive illusions a. with high self-esteem b. with low feelings of self-worth c. experiencing the false consensus effect d. with low self-esteem

a. with high self-esteem

Which approach to aggression emphasizes the environmental conditions that teach individuals to be aggressive? a. Frustration-anger theory b. Observational learning c. Instinct approach d. Psychodynamic approach

b. Observational learning

Greater volume in which of the following brain areas is positively associated with agreeableness? a. Striate cortex b. Posterior cingulate cortex c. Prefrontal cortex d. Fusiform gyrus

b. Posterior cingulate cortex

which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips? a. a person's taste in music b. a person's propensity for violence c. a person's sexual orientation d. a person's romantic interest in the participant e. a person's artistic ability

b. a person's propensity for violence c. a person's sexual orientation d. a person's romantic interest in the participant

Shelby's friends congratulate her on the beautiful cake she baked for an upcoming party. Shelby says that the cake was easy to make because she read the recipe carefully and allowed herself plenty of time to get it made. Shelby is attributing her success at baking the cake to a(n) _____ cause a. unstable b. controllable c. internal d. attributional

b. controllable

The _____ may be explained by the fact that when making attributions about someone, the immediate environment is more stable and less attention-grabbing than the observed person's behavior a. halo effect b. fundamental attribution error c. self-serving bias d. assumed-similarity bias

b. fundamental attribution error

The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as ______ a. attribution biases b. fundamental attribution error c. fundamental errors d. attribution mistakes and errors

b. fundamental attribution error

Resisting persuasion can be done by _____ people with a weak version of a persuasive message. a. providing dissonance to b. inoculating c. angering d. confusing

b. inoculating

The self-serving ____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures

bias

Attribution theory is which of the following? a. The view that an individual can have fast-acting, self-fulfilling fears of being judged on a negative stereotype b. The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others c. The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others d. The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations

c. The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others

The expectation of reciprocity _____. a. is the main cause of cognitive dissonance b. results in the fundamental attribution error c. can encourage altruism d. can reduce acts of altruism

c. can encourage altruism

what would a social psychologist be most likely to study? a. physical and emotional development over a lifespan b. perception of sound waves in the ear canal c. personal attitudes and the perception of others d. traits and unconscious motives of an individual

c. personal attitudes and the perception of others

Which of the following summarizes the evolutionary psychology explanation of altruistic behavior? a. Altruism is most likely to occur among members of the same sex to promote a feeling of solidarity among the sexes. b. Altruism is especially like to occur among complete strangers, so helping a stranger increases your likelihood of being helped in the future. c. Altruism is more like to occur among possible mates, so helping a potential mate means increasing the chance of passing on your genes. d. Altruism is more likely to occur among family members, so helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes.

d. Altruism is more likely to occur among family members, so helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes.

Mary is getting ready for work. Which is the LEAST likely circumstance to result in her behaving aggressively toward her colleagues and customers? a. Mary accidentally shuts her finger in a cabinet door. b. Mary has to sit in a crowded, hot subway car on the way to work. c. Mary is called "ugly" by a stranger on her way to work. d. Mary has her favorite kind of omelet for breakfast.

d. Mary has her favorite kind of omelet for breakfast.

Aggression is social behavior _____. a. whose objective is to harm someone physically b. that is limited only to humans and seeks to harm someone c. whose objective is to harm someone verbally d. whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.

d. whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.

When we feel compassion for another person's suffering, areas of the midbrain associated with the perception of ____ are activated.

pain