Ch 12- Drugs, Microbes, Host- The elements of chemotherapy

Reverse transcriptase is a retroviral enzyme that does which of the following?

Converts RNA to DNA

True or False: Drug resistance only arises from an organism gaining the genetic information for the resistance from another organism.

False

True or False: The most effective drugs that treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms eradicate the adult stages of the organisms.

False They typically block metabolism at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicate the adult worms.

Amphotericin B is considered highly versatile in that it is effective in treating most infections caused by which of the following?

Fungi

Which of the following bacterial are normally NOT tested for drug susceptibility?

Group A streptococci

Which of the following is NOT a side effect associated with antimicrobial drugs?

Host cell metabolism of drug

Which of the following are the 3 factors that should be known before selecting an antimicrobial drug?

- The overall health of the patient - The sensitivity of the infecting agent. - The nature of the infecting agent

Direct examination of the body fluids, sputum, and stool can provide a rapid detection method for which of the following?

- bacteria - fungi

Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while others live in the presence of antimicrobial agents?

Natural selection

The tetracyclines bind to which of the following structures?

Ribosome

Tetracycline is an example of which type of drug? (narrow, limited, visible, broad)

broad spectrum

Use of which type of antibiotic can have far reaching effects on beneficial resident species?

broad-spectrum

The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which normally be inhibitory is called which of the following?

drug resistance

True or False: Natural Selection for drug-resistant forms of bacteria is rare.

false

Interferon is produced primarily by _______ and ______ in response to various immune stimuli.

fibroblasts and leukocytes

_______ analogs are structurally similar to the natural substrate and compete with it for the active site on the enzyme.

metabolic

The most effective drugs used to treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms inhibit _______ at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicating the adult worms.

metabolism

Drug therapy may fail because the infection is caused by a _______ culture (more than one species)

mixed

Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous ________ or gene transfer from another species.

mutations

Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectra of activity?

narrow

Bacitracin is antibiotic with which spectra of activity? (visible, narrow, selective, broad)

narrow

An antibiotic that is only effective against a limited array of different microbes is called a _________ spectrum antibiotic.

narrow or limited

Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while others live in the presence of antimicrobial agents?

natural selection

The outer membrane of some Gram- __________ bacteria act as natural barriers to some drugs.

negative

If the bacterium causing a sore throat is Streptococcus pyogenes, a physician can normally prescribe the antibiotic,

penicillin

The cell walls of most bacteria are composed primarily of which of the following?

peptidoglycan

Tetracyclines inhibit which of the following?

protein synthesis

Synercid binds to ribosomes inhibiting the process of ________

protein synthesis or translation, or peptide transfer or elongation

A viral enzyme that converts single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA is called

reverse transcriptase

Polymyxin B and E are toxic to which organ? (heart, kidneys, brain, lungs)

kidneys

Synercid is effective against members of which genera? - Proteus - Enterobacter - Staphylococcus - Streptococcus - Pseudomonas - Enterococcus

- Staphylococcus - Streptococcus - Enterococcus

Which two semisynthetic penicillins can be used against Gram-negative bacteria?

- Amoxicillin - Ampicillin

Which of the following are quinolones?

- Norfloxacin - Ciprofloxacin

When these 2 drugs are used in combination nephrotoxic effects are increased.

- Penicillins - Cephalosporins

Which of the following bacteria are routinely tested for drug susceptibility?

- Staphylococcus sp. - Aerobic Gram-negative enteric bacilli - Enterococcus faecalis

Which of the following are side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs? - disruption of normal microflora - allergic reactions - damage to host tissues due to toxicity - host cell metabolism of drug

- disruption of normal microflora - allergic reactions - damage to host tissues due to toxicity

Which groups of people may have greater risks to antimicrobials?

- elderly - pregnant women - infants

Approximately what percent of infections involve biofilms?

60%

The ending -floxacin is used for which category of drugs? (Quinolones, Aminoglycosides, Syntheti drugs, Tetracyclines)

Quinolones

What is the overall goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient

True or False: Microorganisms that produce antibiotics in their natural habitat may have a selective advantage over neighboring microbes.

True

Which of the following is a hypersensitive response to a particular substance by the immune system?

allergy

Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms? (antibiotic, antithesis, antibody, antigen)

antibiotic

Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms?

antibiotics

__________ chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infections and diseases caused by many types of microorganisms.

antimicrobial

Which "formation" is produced by some microbes which in turn makes them resistant to some antimicrobial compounds and the shear force of moving liquids?

biofilm

An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of microbial types is called a __________ spectrum antibiotic.

broad

An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of microbial types is called a _______ spectrum antibiotic

broad or extended

Which of the following structures in bacteria protect the cell from lysis (rupture) in hypotonic environments? (cell membrane, fimbriae, glycocalyx, cell wall, nucleoid)

cell wall

_________ is another name for polymyxin E.

colistin

Which type of inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the enzyme is blocked from action after a substance that mimics the normal substrate binds to the active site? (feedback, competitive, noncompetitive, oxidative)

competitive

The inability of a drug to _________ into a body compartment, such as the brain or joints, will render the drug ineffective.

diffuse

An allergy is caused by a hypersensitive response from which system?

immune

Which of the following is a normal human glycoprotein produced in response to immune stimuli and can be used therapeutically to fight viruses and cancer?

interferon

Nephrotoxic drugs are toxic to which of the following?

kidneys

_________ penicillins are drugs that, after being naturally produced by bacteria, are chemically modified in the laboratory.

semisynthetic

When antimicrobial therapy destroys beneficial resident microbes and allows an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms it is called: focal infection, biofilm; superinfection; primary infection; secondary infection

superinfection

Amphotericin B is one of the few drugs that can be injected to treat ______ fungal infections such as cryptococcus meningitis.

systemic

True or False: Most tissues are susceptible to adverse effects caused by the use of antimicrobial therapy.

true

True or False: Most tissues are susceptible to adverse effects caused by the use of the antimicrobial therapy.

true

True or False: The nature and sensitivity of the microorganism need to be considered before antimicrobial treatment begins.

true