ch 12 Nervous sytstem

A single graded potential can produce an action potential. - True - False

- False

Which of the following is a means to degrade or remove neurotransmitter? A. all of these serve to remove neurotransmitters B. cellular reuptake C. diffusion D. enzymes

A. all of these serve to remove neurotransmitters

even a very strong stimulus cannot initiate a new action potential

During the absolute refractory period: protein anions are leaving the neuron a very strong stimulus can generate a new action potential neurotransmitters are being secreted even a very strong stimulus cannot initiate a new action potential

The autonomic nervous system mediates two types of responses in the body. What are they? Select all that apply. A. fight-or-flight reactions B. rest-and-digest activities C. remember-and-forget actions D. sadness-and-gladness emotions

A. fight-or-flight reactions B. rest-and-digest activities

Which one of the following does not describe an action potential? A. it arises mainly in dendrites and cell bodies B. utilizes voltage gated channels for sodium and potassium C. exhibits all-or-none D. short duration

A. it arises mainly in dendrites and cell bodies

Identify the type of ion channel that opens and closes in response to mechanical stimulation such as tissue stretching or pressure. A. mechanically gated B. ligand-gated C. leakage

A. mechanically gated

A single presynaptic neurons stimulates a group of neurons each of which synapses with a common postsynaptic cell describes which of the following circuits? A. parallel after-discharge B. reverberating C. converging D.Diverging

A. parallel after-discharge

The somatic nervous system provides motor signals and conscious control to skeletal muscles. A. provides motor neurons to cardiac muscle. B. provides motor neurons to the stomach and intestines. C. is dependent upon the autonomic system for control. D. includes motor neurons to muscle within blood vessels.

A. provides motor neurons to cardiac muscle.

During a hyperpolarizing graded potential A. the membrane potential is inside more negative than the resting potential B. the membrane potential is inside less negative than the resting potential C. the membrane potential is equal to the the resting potential D. the membrane potential is inside more positive than the resting potential

A. the membrane potential is inside more negative than the resting potential

true

An excitatory postsynaptic potential depolarizes the membrane while an inhibitory post synaptic potential hyperpolarizes it. T/F

hyperpolarization

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential causes

false

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential will bring a membrane closer to threshold but normally does not initiate a nerve impulse. T/F

A, E, C, B

Arrange the following events at an axodendritic chemical synapse in proper order, starting with the arrival of an action potential at the presynaptic end bulb. Assume that the postsynaptic cell will be depolarized. A. Exocytosis of the neurotransmitter (NT) B. NT is removed from the receptor C. Ligand gated sodium channels open D. Calcium voltage gated channels open E. NT binds to the receptor

When the electrical potential on the inside of the cell membrane is uncharged, reaches 0 mv, the inside of the membrane is considered to be A. repolarized B. depolarized C. neutral D. polarized

B. depolarized

Muscle, glands and other neurons can be considered A. stimulators B. effectors C. integrators D. processors

B. effectors

Which electrical signal allows for communication over short distances within the body? A. nerve action potential B. graded potentials C. actionpotentials D. synaptic potentials

B. graded potentials

Neurons that possess several dendritic connections and yet a single axon are termed A. pseudounipolar neurons B. multipolar neuron C. bipolar neurons D. unipolar neurons

B. multipolar neuron

Which of the following is not a biogenic amine? A. serotonin B. nitric oxide C. dopamine D. norepinephrine

B. nitric oxide

Which statement best describes the direction of signal transmission between neurons. A. signals go only from the postsynaptic neuron to presynaptic neuron B. signals go only from the presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron C. signals way travel in both directions across a synapse D. of these choices

B. signals go only from the presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron

Identify the type of ion channel that opens and closes in response to a change in membrane potential. A. mechanically gated B. voltage gated C. ligand-gated D. leakage

B. voltage gated

If the accumulation of graded potentials in the trigger zone reaches threshold, the result is A. cell membrane goes to its resting state B. mechanically-gated channels must close C. voltage-gated channels open D. the cell is blocked from any further action

C. voltage-gated channels open

When a neurotransmitter attaches to a chemically-gated sodium channel, the sodium channel briefly opens to allow sodium ions to diffuse in. This action produces what type of graded potential? A. hyperpolarizing graded potential B. repolarizing graded potential C. polarizing graded potential D. depolarizing graded potential

D. depolarizing graded potential

Identify the type of ion channel that opens and closes in response to the binding of a chemical stimulus. A. voltage gated B. mechanically gated C. leakage D. ligand-gated

D. ligand-gated

Which of the following is a nervous system disorder characterized by hardening myelin sheaths on neurons in various places in the body? A. epilepsy B. excitotoxicity C. depression D. multiple sclerosis

D. multiple sclerosis

Which one of the following is not found in all mature neurons? A. axon terminals B. axon C. neurilemma D. myelin sheath

D. myelin sheath

Which neurotransmitter class includes the neurotransmitters that enhance perception of pain and inhibit pain sensations? A. acetylcholine B. biogenic amines C. amino acids D. neuropeptides

D. neuropeptides

Which of the following is a biogenic amine? A. glutamate B. acetylcholine C. nitric oxide D. norepinephrine

D. norepinephrine

The ability of the nervous system to change based on experience is called A. accomodation B. evolution C. adaptation D. plasticity

D. plasticity

Identify the neurotransmitter that is responsible for inhibiting neuronal synapses in the brain. A. glutamate B. epinephrine C. butyric acid D. seratonin

D. seratonin

Which is NOT part of the central nervous system? A. brain B. spinal cord C. pyramidal cell D. spinal nerve E. astrocyte

D. spinal nerve

Which statement is NOT true about NO, nitric oxide, and CO, carbon monoxide? A. they are gases that can act as neurotransmitters B. they can leave the presynaptic cell by diffusion C. they are associated with vasodilation D. they are stored in synaptic vesicles

D. they are stored in synaptic vesicles

Which statement is NOT true about electrical synapses? A. they occur when there is direct contact between electrically excitable cells. B. they allow rapid communication between cells. C. they allow synchronization of cellular activities. D. they are found in heart muscle E. they allow the movement of ion through desmosomes

E. they allow the movement of ion through desmosomes

true

Integration involves processing information by analyzing it and deciding upon an appropriate response.

false

Myelination reduces the speed of propagation of an action potential.

True

Neural circuits are functional groups of neurons that process specific types of information. T/F

True

Neuroglia can be 25 times more numerous than neurons. Because they are capable of mitosis, gliomas grow rapidly and are often highly malignant. T/F

an EPSP

If the sum of all excitatory effects is greater than all inhibitory effects on a postsynaptic neuron but threshold is not reached, then the response is

Saltatory

In ______ conduction, the impulse jumps from Node of Ranvier to Node of Ranvier.

action potential occurs at each node of Ranvier

In myelinated nerves, the: action potential occurs at a neurolemmocyte action potential occurs at each node of Ranvier action potential moves like a continuous wave across the cell membrane threshold is lower than in unmyelinated nerves

The autonomic nervous system is part of the

PNS

false

Rabies virus and tetanus toxin use retrograde transport to travel backward along axons to reach the neuronal cell body. Retrograde transport is a type of slow axonal transport. T/F

synaptic end-bulbs

Synaptic vesicles are found within the

protein production

The Nissl bodies function in

Neurolemma

The ________is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of a Schwann cell which encloses the myelin sheath.

All of these are correct.

The nervous system: works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis. communicates with the body via action potentials (nerve impulses). is responsible for perceptions and behaviors. initiates voluntary movements. All of these are correct.

plasticity

What term describes the capacity of the nervous system to change based on experience?

Spatial summation

When summation results from buildup of neurotransmitter released simultaneously by several presynaptic end bulbs, it is called

an action potential

When threshold of a neuron is reached, _____ is produced

sodium

Which ions are rapidly moving into the cell during the depolarization period of an action potential?

to generate graded potentials

Which is NOT a function of a neuroglial cell? to myelinate axons in peripheral nerves to myelinate axons in tracts to provide the correct ionic environment for the generation of action impulses to generate graded potentials to produce cerebrospinal fluid

to cause a muscle to contract

Which is NOT a sensory function of the nervous system? to detect a drop in external temperature to detect an increase in blood pH to cause a muscle to contract to send information to the central nervous system to send information to the spinal cord

spinal nerve

Which is NOT part of the central nervous system? brain spinal cord pyramidal cell spinal nerve astrocyte

it includes sensory receptors

Which is NOT true about the central nervous system? it excludes cranial nerves and ganglia it is the source of thoughts and emotions. it includes tracts that run in the spinal cord it includes sensory receptors it includes clusters of neuronal cell bodies called nuclei

it is only involved with unconscious (involuntary) activities

Which is NOT true about the peripheral nervous system? it includes a somatic division that controls skeletal muscle it includes an enteric division that regulates the gastrointestinal tract it includes an autonomic division that regulates smooth and cardiac muscle it is only involved with unconscious (involuntary) activities it includes sensory and motor nerves

reverberating circuit

Which neural circuit enables a single presynaptic stimulation to cause a postsynaptic cell to send a series of impulses?

parallel after-discharge

Which neural circuit type may be involved in precise activities such as mathematical calculations?

myelinated neurons in PNS

Which neurons can undergo repair?

potassium

Which of the following ions pass through the resting neuronal cell membrane most easily?

substance P

Which of the following is NOT classified as a small molecule neurotransmitter? acetylcholine aspartate substance P adenosine triphosphate norepinephrine

cerebrum

Which of the following is a part of the CNS? cranial nerves spinal nerves ganglia cerebrum

All of these are matched correctly.

Which of the following is mismatched? Somatic nervous system - Controls voluntary actions Autonomic nervous system - Controls involuntary actions Enteric nervous system - Controls involuntary actions All of these are matched correctly

A synapse is the site where two neurons or a neuron and an effector communicate.

Which of the following is true of a synapse? The presynaptic neuron carries a nerve impulse away from a synapse. The postsynaptic neuron carries a nerve impulse toward a synapse. A synapse is the site where two neurons or a neuron and an effector communicate. The presynaptic neuron releases chemical messengers called hormones. The synapse of a neuron and a gland is called a neuromuscular junction.

4 and 5 are incorrect

Which of the following is/are incorrect? 1. Pseudounipolar neurons have one process that emerges from the cell body. 2. Bipolar neurons have one main dendrite and one axon and may be found in the retina. 3. Multipolar neurons have several dendrites and one axon and are the most common neuron found in the brain and spinal cord. 4. Afferent neurons carry information to effectors . 5. Motor neurons carry information about muscles to the spinal cord. 6. Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons.

norepinephrine

Which of the following neurotransmitters contains a catechol group? norepinephrine ACh serotonin GABA glutamate

repolarization

Which of the following occurs as the resting potential is reestablished?

The autonomic nervous system is voluntary and carries information from receptors located primarily in viscera to the central nervous system.

Which of the following statements is incorrect? The somatic nervous system contains sensory neurons that collect information from somatic and special senses receptors. The autonomic nervous system is voluntary and carries information from receptors located primarily in viscera to the central nervous system. The ENS is involuntary and monitors activity of the gastrointestinal tract. All of these statements are correct.

What is the functions of the nervous system

detecting stimuli processing information sending a response to muscles or glands all of these choices

The Nissl bodies function in A. Protein production B. Ca++ storage C. Insulation D. Schwann cell production

A. Protein production

Sensory impulses are carried to the central nervous system by A. afferent neurons B. efferent neurons C. motor neurons D. interneurons

A. afferent neurons

The depolarization of one area of the cell membrane provides enough positive charge to cause neighboring voltage-gated channels to reach threshold allowing the action potential to spread across the membrane. - True - False

- True

axons

A nerve is a bundle of

When the threshold of voltage-gated channels is reached and voltage-gated channels open, the resulting change in membrane potential is known as a(n) A. action potential B. transition state C. graded potential D. induction mode

A. action potential

Na+ is higher on the outside and K+ is higher on the inside

A resting nerve fiber is polarized because the concentration of

Which of the following is true of a synapse? A. The presynaptic neuron carries a nerve impulse away from a synapse. B. The postsynaptic neuron carries a nerve impulse toward a synapse. C. A synapse is the site where two neurons or a neuron and an effector communicate. D. The presynaptic neuron releases chemical messengers called hormones. E. The synapse of a neuron and a gland is called a neuromuscular junction.

C. A synapse is the site where two neurons or a neuron and an effector communicate.

If I can block neurotransmitters attaching to chemically-gated sodium channels, what will be the result? A. The cell will depolarize but not repolarize B. The cell will die C. An action potential will not be produced. D. The cell will become hyperactive

C. An action potential will not be produced.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum in the neuron comprises the A. neurofibrils B. myelin C. Nissl bodies D. dendrites

C. Nissl bodies

What results in the depolarization of the cell membrane? A. Mechanically-gated channels open to allow potassium ions to diffuse into the cell causing the membrane to become more negatively charged inside. B. Voltage-gated potassium channels open allowing potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell taking their positive charges with them. C. Voltage-gated sodium channels open allowing sodium ions to enter the cell to cancel negative charges on the inside of the membrane. D. Chemically-gated potassium channels open allowing potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell causing the inside of the membrane to become more negative.

C. Voltage-gated sodium channels open allowing sodium ions to enter the cell to cancel negative charges on the inside of the membrane.

Which electrical signal allows for communication over long distances within the body? A. graded potentials B. synaptic potentials C. action potentials D. electrical potentials

C. action potentials

The principle which states that once an action potential begins, all of the output zone will depolarize and repolarize is known as the A. polarity principle B. membrane integrity principle C. all-or-none principle D. cellular hysteresis principle

C. all-or-none principle

The movement of materials synthesized in the cell body tio the axon terminals is called A. synapse B. myelin C. axonal transport D. action potential

C. axonal transport

A single postsynaptic neuron receives nerve impulses from several different sources describes which of the following circuits? A. diverging B. reverberating C. converging D. parallel after-discharge

C. converging

Resting membrane potential is maintained by A. sodium-Potassium pumps B. chemically-gated channels C. leak channels and sodium-Potassium pumps D. leak channels

C. leak channels and sodium-Potassium pumps

Which of the following would primarily be found in the white matterof the spinal cord? A. unmyelinated axons B. a nucleus C. myelinated axons D. a ganglion

C. myelinated axons

Action potentials that occur within a neuron are called A. axonal action potential B. synaptic potentials C. nerve action potentials D. action potentials

C. nerve action potentials

An action potential where the Na+ channel inactivation gates close and the K+ gates open describes A. resting state B. the depolarizing phase C. the repolarizing phase D. threshold potential

C. the repolarizing phase

arise when ion movement causes a minor change in the resting membrane potential.

Graded potentials: arise when ion movement causes a minor change in the resting membrane potential. usually propagate down the length of an axon. occur when voltage-gated channels open. are most often observed in axons. are usually associated with ion movement through leakage channels.

false

Gray matter has its distinctive color due to myelination of axons. T/F

True

Gray matter includes unmyelinated axons, dendrites, cell bodies and neuroglia. In the brain, a thin layer of gray matter covers the cerebrum and cerebellum. T/F

All of these choices

How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft? Diffusion Enzymatic degradation Uptake by cells All of these choices

True

Schwann cells myelinate axons in the spinal and cranial nerves; oligodendroglia myelinate axons in the tracts of the spinal cord. T/F

Which statement best describes the direction of signal transmission

Signals go only from the presynaptic neuron to postsynapitic neuron

PNS

The autonomic nervous system is part of the

neuroglia

The cells within the nervous system that fill spaces and support neurons are collectively called

are the main receiving region of a neuron

The dendrites of a neuron: are the main receiving region of a neuron secrete neurotransmitters conduct impulses toward another neuron do not carry potentials, only axons do

provides motor signals and conscious control to skeletal muscles.

The somatic nervous system: provides motor signals and conscious control to skeletal muscles. provides motor neurons to cardiac muscle. provides motor neurons to the stomach and intestines is dependent upon the autonomic system for control includes motor neurons to muscle within blood vessels

The resting membrane potential is normally -47 mV.

Which of the following statements is/are incorrect? The refractory period is the period of time after an action potential begins during which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential in response to a normal threshold stimulus. Slower opening of voltage potassium channels and closing of previously opened voltage gated sodium channels produce the repolarizing phase of the action potential. Depolarization occurs when a stimulus causes the membrane to depolarize to threshold causing an inward rush of sodium ions. An action potential is a sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease and reverse the membrane potential and then eventually restore it to the resting state. The resting membrane potential is normally -47 mV.

they are stored in synaptic vesicles

Which statement is NOT true about NO, nitric oxide, and CO, carbon monoxide? they are gases that can act as neurotransmitters they can leave the presynaptic cell by diffusion they are associated with vasodilation they are stored in synaptic vesicles

they allow the movement of ion through desmosomes

Which statement is NOT true about electrical synapses? they occur when there is direct contact between electrically excitable cells. they allow rapid communication between cells. they allow synchronization of cellular activities. they are found in heart muscle they allow the movement of ion through desmosomes

satellite cells

Which type of neuroglial cells is found supporting neuronal cell bodies within ganglia?