Ch. 12 PSYC 1010 (smartbook)

_____ is behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure.

Compliance

What would a social psychologist be most likely to study?

Personal attitudes and the perception of others

True or false: According to Lorenz, energy constantly builds up until a person discharges it in a process called catharsis.

True

Strong stressors that occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously are known as _____.

cataclysmic events

According to Lorenz, ___ is a way to release built-up aggressive energy.

catharsis

___ is behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure.

compliance

___ is a person's response to events that are threatening or challenging.

stress

Self-serving bias is _____.

the tendency to attribute personal success to dispositional factors and failure to situational factors

Which of the following are considered cataclysmic events? (select all that apply)

- A tsunami wiping out several towns - A plane crash - A massive wildfire spanning thousands of acres

According to psychologists, which of the following strategies are effective at reducing the effects of prejudice and discrimination? (Select all that apply.)

- Increasing contact between the target and the holder of stereotypical beliefs - Reducing stereotype threat - Increasing the sense of social belonging of ethnic minority students

The two main categories of coping are _____.

- emotion-focused coping - problem-focused coping

What is the definition of conformity?

A change in behavior brought about by following the standards of others

What is the term for the intentional injury of, or harm to, another person?

Aggression

What is the definition of an attitude?

An evaluation of a person, behavior, or concept

What is the name of the phenomenon in which we tend to think of people as being similar to ourselves, even when meeting them for the first time?

Assumed-similarity bias

_____ are favorable or unfavorable beliefs that we hold of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept.

Attitudes

___ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.

Attribution

Which theory of personality seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are?

Attribution theory

What is the term for a cause of behavior that is brought about by a person's internal traits or personality characteristics?

Dispositional cause

What is the name of the phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive (or negative) traits is used to infer other uniformly positive (or negative) characteristics?

Halo effect

The acronym IAT stands for ___ Association Test.

Implicit

The ______ allows measurement of attitudes about which people might not be consciously aware, as well as attitudes they wish to keep hidden from others.

Implicit Association Test

What is the process by which an individual organizes information about another person to form an overall idea of that person?

Impression formation

What do social psychologists call positive feelings for others, such as liking or loving?

Interpersonal attraction

What is the social psychological term for a change in behavior in response to the commands of others?

Obedience

The fact that bigoted parents may commend their children for expressing prejudiced attitudes illustrates which approach to stereotypes and prejudice?

Observational learning

What approach to stereotyping and prejudice states that the behavior of parents, other adults, and peers shapes children's feelings about members of other groups?

Observational learning

Social psychologists typically refer to helping others as ___ behavior.

Prosocial

___ are sets of cognitions about people and social experiences.

Schemas

What is the name of the phenomenon in which we tend to attribute personal success to personal factors (skill, ability, or effort) and to attribute failure to external factors?

Self-serving bias

___ causes (of behavior) are based on environmental factors.

Situational

___ causes are those brought about by something in the environment.

Situational

___ psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.

Social

What is the general term for the cognitive processes by which people make sense of others and themselves?

Social cognition

A(n) ___ is a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members.

Stereotype

A stereotype is _____.

a generalization about a particular group that does not consider variation between individuals

The intentional injury, or harm to, another person either at the individual or societal level is considered an example of ___.

aggression

Individuals rely on _____ traits when forming impressions of others.

central

___ is a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people.

conformity

Efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress are known as _____.

coping

Efforts to control, reduce, or tolerate threats that lead to stress are called ___ strategies.

coping

___ of responsibility is the tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared, or diffused, among those present.

diffusion

A ___ cause of behavior explains how some behaviors are prompted by a person's internal traits of personality characteristics.

dispositional

The tendency to overattribute others' behavior to dispositional causes and underestimate the importance of situational causes is known as the ___ ___ error.

fundamental Attribution

The earliest work on social cognition examined _____.

impression formation

Central traits are the major traits considered in forming ___ of others.

impressions

The halo effect is _____.

inferring from one trait that a person has many similar traits

A broad general term that refers to how people affect each other in their interactions is social _____.

influence

The study of ___ ___ focuses on the factors that lead to positive feelings for others.

interpersonal attraction

The ___ (more/fewer) people who are present in an emergency, the ___ (more/less) personally responsible each individual feels—and therefore, the less help he or she provides.

more less

___ is a change in behavior in response to the commands of others.

obedience

___ behavior is also called helping behavior.

prosocial

According to psychologists, individuals develop _____ as ways to organize information stored in memory that provide a framework for recognizing, categorizing, and recalling information.

schemas

The process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others is called ___ influence.

social

___ cognition is a cognitive processes by which people understand and make sense of others and themselves.

social

Social psychologist Claude Steele defines ___ threat as obstacles to performance facing minority group members arising from awareness of society's beliefs and expectations regarding their group.

stereotype

Stereotype threat, according to Claude Steele, is the _____.

tendency of minority group members to conform to negative stereotypes in an academic setting

Fundamental attribution error is _____.

the tendency to overattribute others' behavior to dispositional factors

Stress and stressors are _____.

things that everyone faces throughout every part of their lives