Ch. 12 Self-Quiz
the highly branched receiving or input portions of a neuron
dendrites
form the cytoskeleton of a neuron
neurofibrils
provide myelin sheath for CNS axons
oligodendrocytes
the recovery of the resting membrane potential
repolarization
support neurons in PNS ganglia
satellite cells
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
interstitial fluid-filled space separating two neurons
synaptic cleft
area where nerve impulses arise
trigger zone
Which of the following statements are true? 1. The frequency of impulses and number of activated sensory neurons encode differences in stimuli intensity. 2. Larger-diameter axons conduct nerve impulses faster than smaller-diameter ones. 3. Continuous conduction is faster than saltatory conduction. 4. The presence or absence of a myelin sheath is an important factor that determines the speed of nerve impulse propagation. 5. Action potentials are localized, but graded potentials are propagated.
1, 2, 4
What is a neuron's resting potential established and maintained by?
1. differences in both ion concentrations and electrical gradients 2. the fact that there are numerous large, nondiffusible anions in the cytosol and by the sodium-potassium pumps that help to maintain the proper distribution of sodium and potassium
T of F: Neurons in the PNS are always capable of repair while those in the CNS are not.
False
T or F: at a chemical synapse between two neurons, the neuron receiving the signal is called the presynaptic neuron and the neuron sending the signal is called the postsynaptic neuron.
False
rough ER in neurons; site of protein synthesis
Nissl bodies
provide myelin sheath for PNS axons
Schwann cells
help maintain an appropriate chemical environment for generation of action potentials by neurons; part of the blood-brain barrier
astrocytes
the process that propagates nerve impulses toward another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland cell
axon
area where the axon joins the cell body
axon hillock
the numerous fine processes at the ends of an axon and its collaterals
axon terminals
neurons with one main dendrite and one axon; found in the retina of the eye
bipolar neurons
part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and organelles
cell body
several neurons in the brain sending impulses to a single motor neuron that terminates at a neuromuscular junction is an example of a ______ circuit.
converging
polarization that is less negative than resting level
depolarizing graded potential
extensive neuronal networks that help regulate the digestive system
enteric plexuses
form CSF and assist in its circulation; form blood-cerebrospinal barrier
ependymal cells
a neurotransmitter-caused depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
excitatory postsynaptic potential
a cluster of neuronal cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord
ganglion
a small deviation from the resting membrane potential that makes the membrane either more or less polarized
graded potential
contain neuronoal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia
gray matter
polarization that is more negative than the resting level
hyperpolarizing graded potential
a neurotransmitter-caused hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
first portion of the axon, closest to the axon hillock
initial segment
small phagocytic neuroglia
microglia
neurons having several dendrites and one axon; most common neuronal type
multipolar neurons
a multilayered lipid and protein covering for axons produced by neuroglia
myelin sheath
general term for any neuronal process
nerve fiber
bundles of axons and associated connective tissue and blood vessels in the PNS
nerves
the outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell
neurolemma
gaps in the myelin sheath of an axon
nodes of Ranvier
a cluster of cell bodies within the CNS
nucleus
period of time when a second action potential can be initiated with a very long stimulus
relative refractory period
What are the subdivisions of the PNS?
somatic, autonomic, enteric
results from the buildup of neurotransmitter released simultaneously by several presynaptic end bulbs
spatial summation
site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell
synapse
store neurotransmitter
synaptic vesicles
results from the buildup of neurotransmitter from the rapid, successive release by a single presynaptic end bulb
temporal summation
the minimum level of depolarization required for a nerve impulse to be generated
threshold
neurons with just one process extending from the cell body; are always sensory neurons
unipolar neurons
Which of the following statements are true? 1. If the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than the threshold of stimulation, the result is a subthreshold EPSP 2. If the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect and reaches or surpasses the threshold level of stimulation, the result is a threshold or suprathreshold EPSP and one or more nerve impulses 3. If the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory effect, the membrane hyper polarizes, resulting in inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron and the inability of the neuron to generate a nerve impulse 4. The greater the summation of hyperpolarizations, the more likely a nerve impulse will be initiated.
1, 2, 3
Which of the following are true? 1. The sensory function of the nervous system involves sensory receptors sensing certain changes in the internal and external environments. 2. Sensory neurons receive electrical signals from sensory receptors. 3. The integrative function of the nervous system involves analyzing sensory information, storing some of it and making decisions regarding appropriate responses. 4. Interneurons are located primarily in the PNS. 5. Motor function involves the activation of effectors (muscles and glands).
1, 2, 3, 5
Which of the following statements are true? 1. The basic types of ion channels are gated, leakage and electrical. 2. Ion channels allow for the development of graded potentials and action potentials. 3. Voltage-gated channels open in response to changes in membrane potential. 4. Ligand-gated channels open due to the presence of specific channels. 5. A graded potential is useful for communication over long distances.
2, 3, 4
Neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by: 1. axonal transport 2. diffusion away from the cleft 3. neurosecretory cells 4. enzymatic breakdown 5. cellular uptake
2, 4, 5
Place the following events in a chemical synapse in the correct order: 1. release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft 2. arrival of nerve impulse at the presynaptic neuron's synaptic end bulb 3. either depolarization or hyper polarization of postsynaptic membrane 4. inward flow of Ca2+ through activated voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the synaptic end bulb membrane 5. exocytosis of synaptic vesicles 6. opening of ligand-gated channels on the postsynaptic plasma membranes 7. binding of neurotransmitters to receptors in the postsynaptic neuron's plasma membrane
2, 4, 5, 1, 7, 6, 3
time during which a neuron cannot produce an action potential even with a very strong stimulus
absolute refractory period
a sequence of rapidly occurring events that decreases and eventually reverses the membrane potential and then restores it to the resting state; nerve impulse
action potential
hyperpolarization that occurs after the depolarizing phase of an action potential
after-hyperpolarizing phase