ch 13-15 clinical psych
12. According to the humanistic approach, psychological health is enhanced by ______. A. a match between the real self and the ideal self B. conditional positive regard C. conditional positive self-regard D. incongruence
a
24. For the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, ______ is a form of therapy that has received substantial empirical support. A. exposure and response prevention B. motivational interviewing C. behavioral consultation D. humanistic psychotherapy
a
25. Third-wave therapies ______. A. have mindfulness as a core component of their treatment approach B. include acceptance and remission therapy and metabehavioral therapy C. have little empirical support D. promote the religion of Buddhism
a
6. Cognitive therapists ______. A. use the terms thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions to refer to cognitions B. believe that psychopathology results directly from the things that happen to us C. acknowledge the usefulness of the psychoanalytic technique of word association D. attempt to "read" patients' thoughts by observing nonverbal behaviors
a
6. The primary goal of humanistic psychotherapy is ______. A. to foster self-actualization B. to make the unconscious conscious C. rational, logical thought D. behavior change using operant and classical conditioning techniques
a
22. The cognitive thought distortion defined as expecting the worst in the future when it is actually unlikely to occur is ______. A. all-or-nothing thinking B. catastrophizing C. personalization D. overgeneralization
b
23. The cognitive thought distortion defined as assuming excessive personal responsibility for negative events is ______. A. all-or-nothing thinking B. catastrophizing C. personalization D. overgeneralization
c
25. ______, a treatment for phobias and other anxiety disorders, involves re-pairing a feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety. A. Exposure plus response prevention B. Behavioral consultation C. Systematic desensitization D. Contingency management
c
26. ______ refers to being able to pay attention in the present moment to whatever arises internally or externally, without becoming entangled or wishing things were otherwise. A. Personalization B. All-or-nothing thinking C. Mindfulness D. Commitment thinking
c
26. ______, developed by William Miller, is a contemporary application of the principles of humanism. A. Existential psychotherapy B. Quality of life therapy C. Motivational interviewing D. Behavioral consultation
c
4. Humanistic psychotherapists believe that individuals are born with a tendency toward healthy growth. The term that best describes this tendency is ______. A. transference B. insight C. self-actualization D. unconditional positive regard
c
4. The primary goal of cognitive psychotherapy is ______. A. observable behavior change via contingency management B. to make the unconscious conscious C. logical thinking D. self-actualization
c
1. ______ is a pioneer of the humanistic approach to psychotherapy. A. Sigmund Freud B. B. F. Skinner C. Donald Meichenbaum D. Carl Rogers
d
31. The term third-wave therapies are most often applied to ______. A. therapies based on mindfulness and acceptance B. brief psychodynamic therapies C. therapies based on classical conditioning D. play therapies
q
33. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is most closely associated with ______. A. Marsha Linehan B. Judith Beck C. Steven Hayes D. Aaron Beck
c
32. ______ can be defined as full engagement with one's own internal mental processes in a nonconfrontational way, which often involves a reduction in ______. A. Schema therapy; acceptance B. Metacognitive therapy; cognitive restructuring C. Insight; transference D. Mindfulness; experiential avoidance
d
34. Which of the following statements about empirical studies of cognitive therapy is NOT true? A. Studies demonstrate support for DBT's use with borderline personality disorder patients. B. Studies have found that homework enhances therapy outcome. C. Studies include support for the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders with ACT. D. Studies suggest mindfulness may not be as beneficial as originally suggested by its proponents.
d
1. Since the 1980s, the popularity of cognitive psychotherapy among clinical psychologists has ______. A. increased B. remained constant C. decreased slightly D. decreased greatly
a
12. Which of the following is TRUE regarding cognitive psychotherapy? A. Cognitive psychotherapy is typically more structured and less spontaneous than humanistic psychotherapy. B. Compared to behavioral psychotherapy, cognitive psychotherapy deemphasizes internal, mental processes. C. Relative to psychodynamic therapy, cognitive therapy's typical treatment length is 10-15 sessions longer. D. Cognitive therapy is typically more costly than psychoanalytic treatment.
a
13. Who among the following is not recognized as a leading proponent of cognitive therapy? A. William Miller B. Aaron Beck C. Albert Ellis D. Judith Beck
a
14. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is the therapy approach created by ______. A. Albert Ellis B. Aaron Beck C. Donald Meichenbaum D. B. F. Skinner
a
15. According to the humanistic approach, there are three essential therapeutic conditions that characterize successful therapist-client relationships. ______ is among these three essential therapeutic conditions. A. Empathy B. Conditional positive regard C. Interpretation D. Transference
a
18. Operant conditioning proposes that all human (and animal) actions are governed by ______. A. contingencies B. cognitions C. primary reinforcers D. secondary reinforcers
a
20. According to Carl Rogers, the three essential therapeutic conditions were ______ for psychotherapy to be successful with any client. A. necessary and sufficient B. sufficient, but not necessary C. necessary, but not sufficient D. neither necessary nor sufficient
a
20. Because it is not practical to conduct treatment at an airport, Jeanie's psychologist has her imagine that she is flying on a plane as part of treatment for her flying phobia. What exposure therapy technique is Jeanie's psychologist using? A. imaginal exposure B. in vivo exposure C. graded exposure D. flooding
a
21. Empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness ______. A. are Maslow's three necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy B. do not appear to be common factors C. contribute little to the success of humanistic therapy D. foster a client's self-healing
a
25. ______ was founded by Fritz Perls, and it emphasizes a holistic approach to enhancing the client's experience. A. Gestalt therapy B. Motivational interviewing C. Psychoanalysis D. Existential therapy
a
27. ______ is typically present in systematic desensitization but typically absent from exposure therapy. A. Relaxation training B. Exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli C. Reflection D. Creation of an anxiety hierarchy
a
3. Abraham Maslow is most closely associated with the ______ approach to psychotherapy. A. humanistic B. psychodynamic C. behavioral D. cognitive
a
3. ______ are considered leaders in the cognitive therapy movement. A. Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis B. Sigmund Freud and Karen Horney C. Carl Jung and Fritz Perls D. John Watson and Edward Thorndike
a
31. "If you change the consequences of a behavior, the behavior will change." This statement best summarizes the rationale behind ______. A. contingency management B. exposure therapy C. systematic desensitization D. extinction
a
32. The removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior is known as ______. A. extinction B. behavioral adaptation C. flooding D. assertiveness training
a
34. Parent and teacher training are indirect interventions based on the principles of ______ therapy. A. behavior B. psychodynamic C. humanistic D. cognitive
a
35. Behavioral activation is based on the simple idea that ______. A. the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement B. depressed people think illogically C. the brains of depressed people are chemically imbalanced D. depressed people lack social skills
a
37. When behavioral activation begins, an important question for the clinical psychologist to ask the client is: ______ A. "Are there things that you are not doing now that you typically do when you are not depressed?" B. "Is there another way of interpreting the events that have happened to you?" C. "If the feared event happens, so what?" D. "What are your beliefs about the fact that you have been diagnosed with depression?"
a
4. Edward Lee Thorndike's law of effect provides the theoretical basis for ______. A. operant conditioning B. classical conditioning C. graduated exposure D. successive approximations
a
5. The idea that the way we think about events determines the way we respond to them is a cornerstone of ______ therapy. A. cognitive B. behavioral C. humanistic D. psychodynamic
a
6. Thorndike is to ______ as Pavlov is to ______. A. operant conditioning; classical conditioning B. classical conditioning; operant conditioning C. motivational interviewing; interpersonal interviewing D. interpersonal interviewing; motivational interviewing
a
1. The career of Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with ______ therapy. A. humanistic B. behavior C. cognitive D. psychodynamic
b
10. According to the humanistic approach, ______ is the root of psychopathology. A. reflection B. incongruence C. fixation D. negative self-regard
b
10. Homework assigned as a part of cognitive therapy ______. A. often involves attending peer-led workshops B. may be written or behavioral C. is rarely discussed during subsequent sessions D. is best conceptualized as a behavioral activation technique
b
11. Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavior therapy ______. A. emphasizes inferential, introspective methods of measuring change within the mind of the client B. employs testable hypotheses and observable, measurable outcome measures C. is effective with children but not adults D. eschews the scientific method
b
12. Which of the following places the steps of the scientific method in correct order? A. develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe a phenomenon, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses B. observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses C. observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, revise the hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests D. test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, revise the hypotheses
b
13. According to behavior therapists, ______. A. client behaviors are symptoms of an underlying problem B. client behaviors are the problem C. phobias are behavioral manifestations of a disturbance in the unconscious D. phobias result from incongruence between the real and ideal selves
b
13. According to the humanistic approach, conditional positive regard from others brings forth ______. A. reflection B. conditional positive self-regard C. genuineness D. self-actualization
b
14. Sherrie is diagnosed with depression. She believes she is unlovable, cries several hours per day, consumes less calories, and thinks her symptoms will never end. In treatment, a behavior therapist is most likely to target ______. A. Sherrie's emotional sadness B. the amount of time Sherrie cries each day C. the number of calories Sherrie consumes and her belief that she is unlovable D. Sherrie's thought that her symptoms will never end
b
16. In Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, the dog's food was a(n) ______. A. conditioned stimulus B. unconditioned stimulus C. neutral stimulus D. conditioned response
b
17. The quality of ______ describes a match between a therapist's real and ideal selves. A. genuineness B. congruence C. empathy D. conditional worth
b
18. ______ is to Aaron Beck as ______ is to Albert Ellis. A. Rational emotive behavior therapy; cognitive therapy B. Cognitive therapy; rational emotive behavior therapy C. Systematic desensitization; assertiveness training D. Assertiveness training; systematic desensitization
b
19. Which of the following behavior therapy techniques is primarily based on classical conditioning? A. contingency management B. systematic desensitization C. token economies D. shaping
b
19. Which of the following best describes genuineness as it is understood and applied by humanistic psychotherapists? A. a client reporting honestly to a therapist about the client's activities since the previous session B. a therapist's true feelings of empathy and prizing toward a client C. a therapist prizing a client "no matter what" D. a therapist accurately recognizing a client's emotional state even when the client has not stated it explicitly
b
20. ______ would likely have his patients compete an ABCDE chart, whereas ______ would likely have his patients complete a dysfunctional thought record. A. George Harris; Martin Seligman B. Albert Ellis; Aaron Beck C. Martin Seligman; George Harris D. Aaron Beck; Albert Ellis
b
23. In humanistic psychotherapy, ______ takes place when a therapist responds to a client by rephrasing or restating the client's statements in a way that highlights the client's feelings or emotions. A. emotional transference B. reflection C. congruence D. countertransference
b
23. The creation of an anxiety hierarchy is a core feature of ______. A. token economies B. exposure therapy C. contingency management D. assertiveness training
b
24. Rollo May, Victor Frankl, and Irvin Yalom are most closely associated with ______ psychotherapy. A. psychodynamic B. existential C. behavioral D. gestalt
b
26. Although they have been used for a variety of clinical issues, exposure therapy and systematic desensitization have been used primarily for the treatment of ______. A. eating disorders B. anxiety disorders C. personality disorders D. schizophrenia
b
27. Of the following therapies based on humanistic principles, which has accumulated the most empirical evidence for its efficacy in recent decades? A. Gestalt therapy B. motivational interviewing C. psychoanalysis D. existential therapy
b
28. Dialectical behavior therapy, developed by Marsha Linehan, has been found effective in the treatment of ______. A. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder B. borderline personality disorder C. individuals with work-related problems that do not qualify as mental disorders D. obsessive-compulsive disorder
b
30. According to the behavioral approach, ______ essentially means "getting something good," and ______ essentially means "losing something good." A. reinforcement; punishment B. positive reinforcement; negative punishment C. positive reinforcement; positive punishment D. negative reinforcement; negative punishment
b
30. Cognitive psychotherapy ______. A. has not yet been found efficacious in the treatment of any specific psychological disorders B. emphasizes objective measures of psychotherapy outcome to a greater extent than psychodynamic psychotherapy C. is less effective than many humanistic approaches D. is not a recommended approach for the treatment of personality disorders
b
31. Empirical examinations of humanistic therapy ______. A. have determined that it is universally ineffective B. discovered that its main elements--empathy, positive regard, and genuineness--play an important role in therapy success C. found that humanistic techniques only work when used by therapists who identify as humanists D. do not exist in the psychotherapy literature
b
31. ______ is a short-term humanistic therapy that emphasizes the expression, acknowledgment, and healing power of emotions in the present moment. A. Gestalt therapy B. Emotionally focused therapy C. Congruence therapy D. Genuineness therapy
b
8. According to Rogers, the term ______ is synonymous with positive regard. A. reflection B. prizing C. self-actualization D. gestalt
b
8. Which of the following best describes the three-step process typically used by cognitive psychotherapists to revise a client's cognitions? A. identify illogical thoughts, teach relaxation skills, countercondition illogical thoughts B. identify illogical thoughts, challenge illogical thoughts, replace illogical thoughts with more logical thoughts C. make unconscious illogical thoughts conscious, interpret illogical thoughts, work through illogical thoughts D. identify illogical thoughts, reflect emotional content of illogical thoughts, empathize with difficulties caused by illogical thoughts
b
10. Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavioral psychotherapy ______. A. emphasizes empiricism B. defines problems in terms of observable behaviors C. both emphasizes empiricism and defines problems in terms of observable behaviors D. neither emphasizes empiricism nor defines problems in terms of observable behaviors
c
11. An individual's ______ is how the person actually is at present; the ______ is what a person could be if he or she fulfilled his or her potential. A. actual self; fulfilled self B. fulfilled self; actual self C. real self; ideal self D. ideal self; real self
c
14. Which of the following approaches to psychotherapy places the strongest emphasis on empathy provided by the therapist? A. cognitive B. psychoanalytic C. humanistic D. behavioral
c
15. A behavior therapist is most likely to judge the success of treatment via changes in the patient's ______. A. level of introspection B. number of illogical cognitions C. observable behaviors D. positive self-regard
c
15. According to Ellis' ABCDE model, "C" represents ______. A. cognition B. emotional consequence C. choice behavior D. applied conditioning
c
16. According to the humanistic approach, it is important for the therapist to communicate ______ to the client, which is described as the ability to sense the client's emotions compassionately and without judgment. A. genuineness B. congruence C. empathy D. conditions of worth
c
17. Elise's psychologist asks her to keep a record of beliefs that she has about events that happened to her, as well as how those beliefs make her feel emotionally. With the assistance of her psychologist, Elise learns how she can dispute such beliefs and replace them with more effective new beliefs. Elise's psychologist is likely treating her with ______. A. exposure and response prevention B. cognitive reshaping C. rational emotive behavior therapy D. cognitive triad therapy
c
17. In a lab, Albert is conditioned to fear a white mouse. However, after leaving the lab, he not only continues to fear white mice; he also demonstrates fear of other white, fluffy objects (e.g., Santa Claus' beard, white bunnies). Which of the following behavior therapy terms best describes what has happened to Albert? A. discrimination B. operant conditioning C. generalization D. stimulus expansion
c
2. Cognitive therapy ______. A. tends to be brief and unstructured B. has become a less prominent approach to psychotherapy in the 21st century C. represents a reaction against behavioral and psychodynamic approaches D. was established by Albert Bandura
c
2. Freud is to ______ as Maslow is to ______. A. behavioral; cognitive B. cognitive; behavioral C. psychodynamic; humanistic D. humanistic; psychodynamic
c
21. Dr. Vogt's new client is a timid, apprehensive individual with social anxieties. Which of the following behavior therapies should he likely select for treatment? A. the operant conditioning technique of assertiveness training B. the operant conditioning technique of contingency management C. the classical conditioning technique of assertiveness training D. the classical conditioning technique of contingency management
c
21. Natalie, a psychotherapy client, is depressed about a recent breakup with her boyfriend. She believes that the breakup is entirely her fault and that if she had done things differently, she would not be alone now. This belief best exemplifies the cognitive thought distortion known as ______. A. all-or-nothing thinking B. catastrophizing C. personalization D. mental filtering
c
27. ______ is a cognitive technique that focuses on accepting internal psychological experiences, including emotions, thoughts, and sensations. A. Rational emotive behavior therapy B. Dialectical behavior therapy C. Acceptance and commitment therapy D. Metacognitive therapy
c
28. Rollo's therapist is applying a technique in which he emphasizes how Rollo's behavior is inconsistent with his goals and values. Rollo's therapist is likely using which of the following techniques? A. Gestalt therapy B. psychoanalysis C. motivational interviewing D. interpersonal psychotherapy
c
28. ______ is a specific application of classical conditioning that targets patients' social anxieties; it may help a patient insist on appropriate service at a restaurant or ask someone out on a date. A. Relaxation training B. Exposure plus response prevention C. Assertiveness training D. Contingency management
c
3. In the early 1900s, ______ argued that the classical conditioning lessons learned from Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs should apply to humans also. A. Edward Lee Thorndike B. Sigmund Freud C. John Watson D. Donald Meichenbaum
c
30. Sometimes, clients will argue in favor of continuing with the problem behavior rather than stopping or replacing it. According to the motivational interview approach to therapy, this client behavior is labeled ______. A. rolling with resistance B. change talk C. sustain talk D. developing the discrepancy
c
33. The form of behavior therapy derived from Bandura's work that involves clients learning from the experiences of others, rather than their own experiences, is ______. A. exposure therapy B. assertiveness training C. observational learning D. flooding
c
38. Behavior therapies ______. A. have little empirical support to justify their use B. do not easily lend themselves to the research process C. with empirical support include exposure and response prevention for OCD and parent training for ADHD D. are highly effective with children but not adults
c
5. Ronald's parents inform him that they will only pay his college tuition and support his professional ambitions if he enters the profession of medicine, law, or engineering. What would a humanistic psychotherapist say Ronald's parents are doing in this scenario? A. identifying Ronald's real self B. identifying Ronald's ideal self C. placing conditions of worth on Ronald D. placing congruence on Ronald
c
7. According to the cognitive approach to psychotherapy, psychological problems arise from ______. A. fixations at particular developmental stages in childhood B. classical or operant conditioning C. illogical thoughts or interpretations of events in our lives D. incongruence between the real self and the ideal self
c
7. ______ is most closely associated with classical conditioning, while ______ is most closely associated with operant conditioning. A. Thorndike; Skinner B. Watson; Pavlov C. Pavlov; Skinner D. Thorndike; Watson
c
7. ______, according to humanists, is essentially the warmth, love, and acceptance of those around us. A. Reflection B. Genuineness C. Positive regard D. Congruence
c
8. Thorndike's law of effect states that ______. A. actions followed by loud noises are more likely to occur B. repetition of actions followed by electrical shock can be most accurately predicted in the future C. actions followed by pleasurable consequences are more likely to occur D. an increase in physical stimulation will yield a decrease in mental agitation
c
9. The main goal of behavior therapy is ______. A. to make the unconscious conscious B. self-actualization C. observable behavior change D. an increase in logical, rational thought
c
11. Compared to psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive psychotherapy tends to ______. A. require a greater number of sessions B. emphasize the past rather than the present C. derive its roots from ancient dream analysis techniques D. focus on the client's current problems
d
16. According to Ellis' ABCDE model, "D" represents ______. A. a discussion of the feelings resulting from the client's irrational thoughts B. the drive with which the irrational thought is associated C. the domain of the client's life negatively influenced by the irrational thought D. a dispute of the client's irrational thoughts
d
18. Recalling the plant metaphor from the textbook, a sun shining sunlight on all angles of a plant is analogous to ______. A. conditions of worth B. the ideal self C. the real self D. unconditional positive regard
d
19. Aaron Beck has argued that the cognitive triad, which includes thoughts about ______, is a powerful determinant of mental health and depression levels. A. family, friends, and acquaintances B. the self, the external world, and the future C. religion, wealth, and politics D. an individual, a group, and a nation
d
2. Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is NOT true? A. He was a physiologist originally studying the digestive systems of dogs. B. He conducted research that laid the groundwork for classical conditioning. C. He found that dogs would salivate in response to a stimulus that had previously been paired with food. D. He partnered with Albert Bandura on studies of social learning.
d
22. According to Carl Rogers, the therapist's ______ determine(s) the success of therapy. A. mastery of the techniques of interpreting the client's transference B. ability to reflect the client's emotions C. skill in applying positive reinforcement D. attitude toward the client
d
22. Which of the following behavioral psychotherapy techniques is primarily based on operant conditioning? A. exposure therapy B. systematic desensitization C. assertiveness training D. contingency management
d
24. The use of cognitive psychotherapy for medical problems ______. A. has not yet occurred B. was a primary focus of the early work of Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis but has declined in recent decades C. has been empirically demonstrated to be more beneficial than prescription medications for ulcers, diabetes, and influenza D. has increased significantly in recent decades
d
29. Which of the following statements about positive psychology is NOT true? A. It emerged in the 1990s under the leadership of Martin Seligman. B. It emphasizes human strengths rather than pathology. C. It acknowledges the inherent potential of individuals to develop and maintain positive attitudes. D. It considers a client's strengths, but not their weaknesses
d
29. ______ is a cognitive technique that believes when young children are exposed to poor parenting, they are likely to develop deep-seated, maladaptive cognitions about themselves and their relationships to others. A. Rational emotive therapy B. Metacognitive psychotherapy C. Acceptance and commitment therapy D. Schema therapy
d
29. ______ is defined as any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to occur in the future. A. Reinforcement B. Exposure C. Implosion D. Punishment
d
36. The goal of ______ is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client. A. cognitive therapy B. aversion therapy C. systematic desensitization D. behavioral activation
d
5. B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with ______. A. motivational interviewing B. interpersonal interviewing C. classical conditioning D. operant conditioning
d
9. Jill is a 13-year-old girl whose mother loves her "no matter what." According to humanistic psychotherapists, Jill's mother ______. A. has placed excessive conditions of worth on her daughter B. has provided her daughter with conditional positive regard C. is moving Jill's real and ideal selves further apart D. is providing unconditional positive regard
d
9. Which of the following forms of therapy most strongly emphasizes the use of teaching as a therapy tool? A. behavioral B. psychodynamic C. humanistic D. cognitive
d
