Ch 13 lab Map, Ch 12 lab map, CH 11 Lab MAP, Ch 10 lab map, Ch 13 Powerpoint, Chapter 12 Power Point, Ch 11 PowerPoint, PowerPoint 10, CH 8 & 9 PPQ A&P Lab, Midterm lab A&P "Review", Midterm Lab Review A&P, Ch 5-7 Lab A&P Mastering, Ch 5-7 PP Quizzes...
Which explanation BEST describes why there is only a NET gain of 2 ATP when 4 ATP molecules are generated from the glycolysis of 1 glucose molecule?
2 ATP are used in glycolysis to initially catabolize the glucose molecule
How many chromosomes do human gametes contain?
23
Secondary spermatocytes are produced during meiosis I. How many chromosomes do secondary spermatocytes have?
23 diploid cells
If a DNA coding sequence contains 12 nucleotides, how many mRNA codons will there be?
4
How many chromosomes do human primary spermatocytes contain?
46 diploid cells
Type B blood is a strict dominant trait and type O is a strict recessive trait. John has type O blood and Mary is heterozygous for type B blood (Bo). If John and Mary reproduce, what is the chance that their child will have type O blood?
50%
Tongue rolling is a strict dominant trait. John and Mary are both heterozygous for tongue rolling (Tt). If John and Mary reproduce, what is the chance that their child will have the ability to roll his/her tongue?
75%
Which letter in this image designates an abnormal spinal curvature called scoliosis? [Be prepared to identify all labeled abnormal spine curvatures in the image on upcoming exams]
A
Which of the following tissue type is associated with covering bone surfaces at synovial joints? [Be prepared to identify each type of supportive connective tissue and state their location within the body on upcoming exams]
A
Identify the sarcomere structure labeled "G". [Be prepared to identify all labeled sarcomere structures in this image on upcoming exams]
A band
The cross bridge cycle is a series of molecular events that occur after excitation of the sarcolemma. What is a cross bridge?
A myosin head bound to actin
The cross-bridge cycle is a series of molecular events that occur after excitation of the sarcolemma. What is a cross bridge?
A myosin head bound to actin
A triad is composed of a T-tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. How are these components connected?
A series of proteins that control calcium release.
After a power stroke, the myosin head must detach from actin before another power stroke can occur. What causes cross bridge detachment?
ATP binds to the myosin head.
Action potential propagation in a skeletal muscle fiber ceases when acetylcholine is removed from the synaptic cleft. Which of the following mechanisms ensures a rapid and efficient removal of acetylcholine?
Acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinesterase.
The neuromuscular junction is a well-studied example of a chemical synapse. Which of the following statements describes a critical event that occurs at the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine is released by axon terminals of the motor neuron.
The calcaneus bone is the site of attachment of the calcaneal tendon. The calcaneal tendon is also known as the
Achilles tendon
A person with ____________ will have a bronze-like appearance of their skin and nails and have hyperpigmentation of their gums.
Addison's disease
Bone is a type of connective tissue, with specialized cells embedded in a matrix. What does the matrix of bone consist of?
Approximately two-thirds of the weight of bone is composed primarily of calcium salts that form hard, brittle crystals of hydroxyapatite. The other major component of the bony matrix is the collagen fibers that provide tensile strength to bone.
Identify the cellular organelle that is responsible for storage, alteration (modification), and packaging of secretory products.
B
Identify the image that represents the skeletal system
B
How is giantism similar to acromegaly?
Both disorders result from abnormal cartilage and soft tissue growth.
Calcium ions couple excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber. Where are calcium ions stored within the fiber?
Calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What specific event triggers the uncovering of the myosin binding site on actin?
Calcium ions bind to troponin and change its shape.
Which of the following is most directly responsible for the coupling of excitation to contraction of skeletal muscle fibers?
Calcium ions.
Excitation of the sarcolemma is coupled or linked to the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. What specific event initiates the contraction?
Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates the contraction.
Free earlobes is a strict dominant trait. Both John and Mary have free earlobes. John is homozygous dominant for free earlobes and Mary is heterozygous for free earlobes (Ee). If John and Mary reproduce, what is the chance that their child will have free earlobes?
100%
A _________ fracture occurs at the distal portion of the radius, and is typically a result from reaching out to cushion a fall.
Colles
When does cross bridge cycling end?
Cross bridge cycling ends when sufficient calcium has been actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum to allow calcium to unbind from troponin.
ABCDE is an easy mnemonic device that is used while inspecting suspicious moles for indicators of skin cancer. Which of the following letters is NOT correctly matched with its definition?
D = density
Trisomy 21 is the most common viable chromosomal abnormality. Another name for trisomy 21 is _____________.
Down's syndrome
In exfoliative cytology, epithelial cells are removed and examined without any lasting damage to the tissue from which these cells are removed. Why is there usually NO lasting damage?
Epithelial tissue is capable of regeneration.
Excitation-contraction coupling is a series of events that occur after the events of the neuromuscular junction have transpired. The term excitation refers to which step in the process?
Excitation, in this case, refers to the propagation of action potentials along the sarcolemma.
Which of the following best summarizes the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype refers to the gene alleles that one has, and phenotype refers to the trait that is expressed in response to those alleles
Which of the following best summarizes the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype refers to the gene alleles that one has, and phenotype refers to the trait that is expressed in response to those alleles.
Which letter designates stratified cuboidal cells? [Be prepared to identify all labeled types of epithelia on upcoming exams]
I
There are three alleles that determine blood type. IA and IB are codominant, and i is recessive to both of them. Serina has Type B blood. Which of the following might be Serina's genotype?
IBIB or IBi
Which of the following is true about genetic mutation?
It is a change in the DNA base sequence.
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor of the mammary glands. Which of the following statements does NOT pertain to mammary glands?
None of the listed responses is correct.
Alex and his mother both suffer from osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which means the imperfect formation of bone. Which bone cells are responsible for the formation of new bone matrix?
Osteoblasts are the bone cells that produce new bone matrix.
A _________ fracture occurs at the ankle, and affects the medial malleolus of the distal tibia and the lateral malleolus of the distal fibula.
Pott's
What is the name of the enzyme that creates the mRNA copy from DNA?
RNA polymerase
What disease is associated with this skin condition?
Renaud's syndrome
Skin color may have a diagnostic function. Imagine one of your friends has an obvious orange tint to her skin. What would be a logical conclusion of your observation?
She may have a real taste for consuming carrots
Skin color may have a diagnostic function. Imagine one of your friends has an obvious orange tint to her skin. What would be a logical conclusion of your observation?
She may have a real taste for consuming carrots.
Calcium entry into the axon terminal triggers which of the following events?
Synaptic vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane of the axon terminal and release acetylcholine.
Because dehydroepiandrosterone from the adrenal cortex is converted to testosterone, some individuals reach for it in an effort to boost their athletic prowess. Why?
Testosterone stimulates muscle growth.
How does the myosin head obtain the energy required for activation?
The energy comes from the hydrolysis of ATP.
How is ATP used in our bodies?
The energy released from ATP is converted into kinetic energy to do work
What structure is the functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber?
The sarcomere
While some mutations in the coding sequence of DNA may prove to be positive, most mutations negatively impact the lives of individuals. However, some mutations have no effect at all. How is this possible?
There is redundancy in the genetic code to where more than one triplet codes for the same amino acid
Why are the muscles that move the fingers and wrist located in the forearm?
This design allows the hand to maintain fine motor control and strength without the interference of bulky muscles.
What is the relationship between the number of motor neurons recruited and the number of skeletal muscle fibers innervated?
Typically, hundreds of skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor neuron.
List the complementary RNA nucleotides would be added from position 1-4?
U, C, G, A
List the complementary RNA nucleotides would be added from position 1-4?
U,C,G,A
Which of the following sex chromosome disorders cause immediate death?
Y only
The head portion of the sperm contains
a nucleus with tightly packed chromosomes
Movement of the shoulder laterally away from the body is called __________.
abduction
Simple squamous epithelial tissue is permeable, therefore it functions in
absorption and secretion
Identify the right scapula structure labeled "F". [Be prepared to identify all labeled scapula structures in this image on upcoming exams]
acromion
The enzymes hyaluronidase and acrosin are essential for fertilization to occur. Where are these enzymes located?
acrosome of the sperm
A reduction in the lateral angle of the glenohumeral joint in relation to the anatomical position would be called __________.
adduction
Identify the angular movement labeled "E". [Be prepared to identify all labeled movements in this image on upcoming exams]
addution
Which type of loose connective tissue provides padding, cushions shock, reduces heat loss, and stores energy? Where are some places in the body this type of tissue is commonly found? (Figure 4-11)
adipose tissue; deep to the skin at sides, buttocks, and breasts
Prostate cancer typically originates in one of the secretory glands of the prostate. Which of the following is NOT a secretory organ in the male reproductive system?
adrenal gland
Identify the cleavage/blastocyst structure labeled "C".
advanced morula
Identify the cleavage/blastocyst structure labeled "C". [Be prepared to identify all labeled stages of cleavage and blastocyst formation in this image on upcoming exams]
advanced morula
Which of the following isn't a mode of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases?
aerosols from sneezing or coughing
What genetic disorder depicted in this image results in a lack of skin pigmentation which increases the chance of developing skin cancer?
albinism
Each codon of mRNA (hence each triplet in DNA) codes for one
amino acid
A pregnant female does not know if her child has Down syndrome. What technique would enable her to find out if she is carrying a child with Down syndrome?
amniocentesis
Identify the implantation structure labeled "I". [Be prepared to identify all labeled steps of implantation in this image on upcoming exams]
amniotic cavity
Male and female pronuclei fuse in a process called
amphimixis
Which of the following is not true of the deep fascia of the leg?
an insertion for the majority of lower leg muscles
Identify the anatomical landmark designated by the letter "C".
anticubital
Which structure of the intervertebral disc attaches to the bodies of adjacent vertebra?
anulus fibrosus
For severe rheumatoid arthritis that hasn't been helped by medication, a doctor may suggest joint replacement surgery. The medical term for joint replacement is ________________.
arthroplasty
Where is elastic cartilage located in the body?
auricle of the ear
Which of the following wouldn't be a possible cause for osteoarthritis?
autoimmune disease
Which surface attaches to the underlying epithelial cells or deeper tissues?
basal
Skin cancers are the most common form of cancers and they range from benign to malignant. Which of the following types of skin cancers is considered the most common but also the LEAST dangerous?
basal cell carcinoma
Some burn victims benefit from skin grafts cultured from their own skin cells. Which skin cells are the most likely candidates for such a culture?
basal cells
When do female reproductive stem cells complete their mitotic division?
before birth
Using your knowledge of anatomical landmarks, where is the likely location of the popliteal lymph nodes?
behind the knee
Kevin has been experiencing difficulty urinating now that he is over the age of 60. The doctor examines his prostate gland and finds no evidence of inflammation. Furthermore, Kevin's PSA test is normal. It is most likely that Kevin is suffering from
benign prostatic hypertrophy.
Identify the major skeletal muscle labeled "H". [Be prepared to identify all labeled muscles in this image on upcoming exams]
biceps femoris
Six days post fertilization, blastomeres form a hollow ball of cells with an inner cavity. This cell is now called a ___________.
blastocyst
The first cleavage of a zygote nears completion about 30 hours after fertilization and creates two daughter cells called ___________.
blastomeres
Identify the forearm muscle labeled "D". [Be prepared to identify all labeled muscles in this image on upcoming exams]
brachioradialis
Breast tumors can be benign or malignant and can present in both female and male breast tissue. If a tumor is malignant, the patient may undergo surgical procedures such as a lumpectomy, a mastectomy, or a radical mastectomy. What tissues are removed when a radical mastectomy procedure is performed?
breast tissue, and the surrounding muscles and lymph nodes
Which bone is the heel of the human foot?
calcaneus
Identify the muscle tissue labeled "B". [Be prepared to identify all labeled muscle tissue and state their location within the body on upcoming exams]
cardiac
What muscle type has striations, and is under involuntary control?
cardiac
Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?
cardiac
Which type of muscle tissue is highly branched, possess intercalated discs and is comprised of cells having a single nucleus?
cardiac
Eating too many carrots can result in an orangish skin tint. What is the name of the pigment that is responsible for the orangish coloration?
carotene
A soft callus is primarily comprised of ____________, while a hard callus is mainly comprised of ___________.
cartilage; bone
What structural category is the slightly moveable pubic symphysis?
cartilaginous
Identify the sperm structure labeled "G". [Be prepared to identify all labeled sperm structures in this image on upcoming exams]
centrioles
Identify the female reproductive structure labeled "F".
cervix
Identify the female reproductive structure labeled "F". [Be prepared to identify all labeled female reproductive structures in this image on upcoming exams]
cervix
What step of cellular respiration produces most of the high energy coenzyme molecules?
citric acid cycle
What function do phagocytes perform during the bone healing process?
cleans the fracture of debris and any germs that are present
A sequence of cell divisions that begins immediately after fertilization is called ___________.
cleavage
Identify the vertebral column region/curve labeled "I". [Be prepared to identify all labeled vertebral structures in this image on upcoming exams]
coccygeal region
Identify the connective tissue proper matrix component labeled "E".
collagen fibers
Identify the connective tissue proper matrix component labeled "E". [Be prepared to identify all labeled components of the connective tissue proper matrix
collagen fibers
In "simple columnar epithelium," which word describes cell shape and which word describes the number of cell layers?
columnar; simple
In "simple columnar epithelium," which word describes cell shape and which word describes the number of cell layers? (Figure 4-6)
columnar; simple
Identify the type of fracture labeled "B" that is characterized by shattering the bone into a multitude of fragments. [Be prepared to identify all labeled bone fractures in this image on upcoming exams]
comminuted
__________ fractures shatter the affected bone area into a multitude of bony fragments.
comminuted
Identify the type of fracture labeled "C".
compression
__________ fractures occur in the vertebrae subjected to extreme pressure and is often associated with osteoporosis.
compression
Identify the shoulder joint (anterior view, frontal section) structure labeled "C". [Be prepared to identify all labeled structures in this image on upcoming exams]
coracoclavicular ligament
Chromosomal abnormalities associated with recombination errors are more common in females older than age 35. Recombination errors include all of the following EXCEPT __________.
crossing over
Diseases that involve not getting enough oxygen-rich blood to the blood vessels, such as certain pulmonary and heart diseases can cause the skin to take on a bluish color. What is the name of the abnormal condition of having bluish skin coloration?
cyanosis
The forearm muscles can be divided into anterior flexors and posterior extensors, as well as __________.
deep and superficial layers
Osteoarthritis is also called ____________________ disease.
degenerative joint
Which structure typically receives information from other neurons?
dendrite
Which cutaneous membrane must be reached for a tattoo to become permanent?
dermis
When you cut yourself and bleed/feel the sensation of pain, which cutaneous membranes have been damaged?
dermis and epidermis
Identify the bone structure labeled "H"
distal epiphysis
Muscles of the shoulder can be divided into groups based on __________.
distribution and functional relationships
Identify the male reproductive structure labeled "B".
ductus deferens
Identify the male reproductive structure labeled "B". [Be prepared to identify all labeled male reproductive structures in this image on upcoming exams]
ductus deferens
Implantation somewhere other than the uterus, such as the uterine tube, causes a condition known as _____________.
ectopic pregnancy
An acrosome is located at the tip of the head of each spermatozoon. What is contained in the acrosome?
enzymes essential for fertilization
Identify the epidermis/dermis structure labeled "B". [Be prepared to identify all labeled skin components on upcoming exams]
epidermal ridges
Identify the male reproductive structure labeled "F". [Be prepared to identify all labeled male reproductive structures in this image on upcoming exams]
epididymis
Certain _________ fractures that occur between the epiphysis and epiphyseal cartilage can permanently stop growth at that site.
epiphyseal
Exfoliative cytology involves the removal of epithelial cells for examination. Which of the following is NOT a clinical application of exfoliative cytology?
examination of cardiac muscle cells after a heart attack
Which of the following is not a symptom of fibromyalgia?
excess energy
What transport process is utilized when ACh is released into the synaptic cleft?
exocytosis
Action potentials travel the length of the axons of motor neurons to the axon terminals. These motor neurons __________.
extend from the brain or spinal cord to the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber
Identify the female reproductive structure labeled "J". [Be prepared to identify all labeled female reproductive structures in this image on upcoming exams]
external os
Compare the number of melanocytes between fair-skinned individuals and dark-skinned individuals.
fair- and dark-skinned people have the approximately the same number of melanocytes
Storage molecules called triglycerides are catabolized to provide what molecule to the nutrient pool?
fatty acids
After oocyte activation and the completion of meiosis, the nuclear material remaining within the ovum reorganizes to become the
female pronucleus
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by prolonged, debilitating fatigue and multiple non-specific symptoms. Which of the following isn't a non-specific symptom of CFS?
fevers
Identify the connective tissue proper cellular component labeled "F".
fibroblast
What type of cartilage forms the soft callus during bone fracture repair?
fibrocartilage
Identify the lower leg muscle labeled "B". [Be prepared to identify all labeled muscles in this image on upcoming exams]
fibularis longus
The bone shape labeled "D" in the image is classified as a _________ bone. [Be prepared to identify all labeled bone shapes in this image on upcoming exams]
flat
Movement of the elbow joint movement is limited to __________.
flexion and extension
The type and structure of specific tissue defines its _____________.
function
Around day 15, a third germ layer forms between the superficial and deep layers of the inner cell mass through a cell migration process known as
gastrulation
The rotator cuff is a term used to describe the group of muscles and tendons that stabilize and reinforce the __________.
glenohumeral joint
A _________ fracture occurs only when one side of the shaft is broken.
greenstick
The acetabulum articulates with the
head of femur
Identify the radius/ulna structure labeled "J". [Be prepared to identify all labeled radius/ulna structures in this image on upcoming exams] Group of answer choices
head of the ulna
Alex had incurred previous fractures that were already in the process of healing when he went to the emergency room for his current injury. What is the correct sequence of events in the repair of a fracture?
hematoma formation, callus formation, spongy bone formation, and compact bone formation
Which of the following choices have the steps of a bone fracture repair in the correct order?
hematoma formation, soft callous formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling
The study of tissues using a microscope is called _______________. Thin sections of tissue are fixed, sliced and then stained to enhance contrast.
histology
An individual who expresses a recessive phenotype must have what genotype?
homozygous recessive
All the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles combine at which location?
humeral head
The most abundant form of cartilage in the body is
hyaline cartilage
The only bone that doesn't articulate with any other bone is the ______ bone
hyoid
Identify the cutaneous structure labeled "E". [Be prepared to identify all labeled skin components in this image on upcoming exams]
hypodermis
The attachment and invasion of the blastocyst into endometrium of the uterus is called ___________.
implantation
When PCO2 levels increase, carbonic acid forms. What effect does this have on H+ concentration and plasma pH?
increases H+ concentration that decreases pH
Which of the following is a renal response to acidosis?
increasing secretion of hydrogen ions
Identify the anatomical landmark labeled "F".
inguinal
Marfan's syndrome is a disorder associated with excessive growth in length of limbs and digits, giving the afflicted individual a tall and lanky appearance. What is the clinical term for bone growth in length?
interstitial growth
Using your knowledge of root words, prefixes and suffixes, answer the following question: What is the difference between Intracellular fluid and Intercellular fluid?
intracellular fluid is located within cells, whereas intercellular fluid is located between cells
Which 3 bones are fused together to form the pelvic bone?
ischium, ilium, pubis
Which of the following skin condition could this patient likely be suffering from?
jaundice
Identify the synovial joint structure labeled "G". [Be prepared to identify all labeled structures in this image on upcoming exams]
joint cavity
Identify the thoracic cage structure labeled "A".
jugular notch
Identify the thoracic cage structure labeled "A". [Be prepared to identify all labeled thoracic cage structures in this image on upcoming exams]
jugular notch
A pictorial representation of a cell's paired chromosomes that is used determine chromosome copy numbers and abnormalities is called a/an ______________.
karyotype
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting skin color?
keratinocytes
When a person has an abnormal spine curvature called ___________, their head and shoulders are positioned forward, but if their stomach muscles are slacked, have hyperextended knees, and flat feet, they most likely have an abnormal spine curvature called ___________.
kyphosis/lordosis
Identify the compact bone structure labeled "D".
lacunae
Identify the adult human skull structure labeled "C". [Be prepared to identify all labeled skull structures in this image on upcoming exams]
lambdoid suture
Which cellular component/feature do skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle share?
large number of mitochondria
Latin words have been used to assign descriptive names to skeletal muscles. When naming muscles, magnus means __________, and brevis means __________.
large; short
Identify the head/face muscle labeled "C". [Be prepared to identify all labeled muscles in this image on upcoming exams]
levator labii superioris
What organ may be involved if a person presents with jaundice?
liver
When classifying bones by shape, the humerus is classified as a _______ bone, and _________ are classified as irregular bones.
long; vertebrae
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify structural features associated with a sarcomere.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify structural features associated with a skeletal muscle fiber.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify structural features associated with skeletal muscle.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the basic structures of the epidermis-dermis junction.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the cells and fibers of connective tissue proper using diagrammatic and histological views.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the components of the integumentary system.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the extraembryonic membranes of the 10-week embryo.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the levels of organization in a skeletal muscle.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the major patterns of inheritance.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the major skeletal muscles, anterior view.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the major skeletal muscles, posterior view.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the melanocyte in the stratum basale of the epidermis.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the muscle types based on fascicle organization.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the muscles of facial expression, lateral view.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the muscles that move the forearm and hand, anterior view.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of a spermatozoon.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the female reproductive system.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the male reproductive system.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the placenta and associated structures.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the stages of the ovarian cycle.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the structures associated with implantation of the blastocyst.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the structures found in compact bone.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the types of bone cells.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the types of connective tissue proper.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the types of supporting connective tissues.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the epidermal layers.
look at pic
Drag the labels to classify bones by shape.
look at pic
Drag the labels to identify the components of the inner cell mass and forming yolk.
look at pic
Drag the labels to identify the components of the uterus.
look at pic
Drag the labels to identify the stages of cleavage and blastocyst formation.
look at pic
Drag the labels to identify the structures of a long bone.
look at pic
Drag the labels to identify the structures that arise during gastrulation.
look at pic
Drag the labels to identify types of fractures.
look at pic
Drag the labels to the appropriate location in the figure.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the types of epithelia.
look at the picture
Excessive diarrhea results in which of the following?
loss of bicarbonate, metabolic acidosis
In scientific terms, the three auditory ossicles are called the ______, ______, and _____.
malleus; incus; stapes
The ________ of CT proper consists of proteins fibers and ground substance.
matrix
Identify the right tibia and fibula structure labeled "I". [Be prepared to identify all labeled tibia/fibula structures in this image on upcoming exams]
medial malleolus
Name the bone structure indicated by the arrow.
medullary cavity
Why does exposure to sunlight darken skin?
melanocytes will produce more pigment in response to UV rays
The most dangerous form of skin cancer is called ___________.
melanoma
Identify the cutaneous structure labeled "G". [Be prepared to identify all cutaneous structures in this image on upcoming exams]
melanosome
Identify the bone of the adult human skull labeled "J". [Be prepared to identify all labeled skull structures in this image on upcoming exams]
mental foramen
What molecule is the final electron acceptor in the ETS?
molecular oxygen
After three days of cleavage, the pre-embryo is a solid ball of cells called a _____________.
morula
What is the function of cilia located in the trachea that is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
movement of mucus
Interactions between thin and thick myofilaments of the sarcomere are responsible for ________.
muscle contraction
Identify the skeletal muscle structure labeled "E". [Be prepared to identify all labeled skeletal muscle anatomical structures in this image on upcoming exams]
muscle fascicle
Identify the skeletal muscle structure labeled "E". [Be prepared to identify all labeled skeletal muscle anatomical structures in this image on upcoming exams]
muscle fiber
Identify the skeletal muscle functional level of organization labeled "D". [Be prepared to identify all labeled levels of functional organization in this image on upcoming exams]
myofibril
"Cocking" the myosin head requires energy. What molecule acts as an ATPase to break down ATP for the energy needed to cock the myosin head?
myosin
Gerlach used a stain called carmine to stain body tissues, but had a very difficult time staining a certain tissue type. He was finally able to stain the tissue section when he mistakenly left the sample in the stain overnight. What type of tissue type was Gerlach finally able to visualize due to his "error"?
neural
Which type of tissue has axons and dendrites?
neuron
Acetylcholine is a(n) __________, which is a type of chemical released by neurons that change the plasma membrane permeability or other properties of another cell.
neurotransmitter
Cells located in each seminiferous tubule which function to provide a microenvironment that supports spermatogenesis are called
nurse cells
The _________ of the ulna forms the point of your elbow.
olecranon
During active AIDS infections, HIV rapidly destroys certain immune cells. Because of this, the immune system becomes compromised and conditions caused by microbes that normally wouldn't harm that individual start to present. These type of infections are considered ____________ infections.
opportunistic
Identify the special joint movement labeled "E".
opposition
Identify the special joint movement labeled "E". [Be prepared to identify all labeled movements in this image on upcoming exams]
opposition
When a man experiences testicular cancer, treatment plans may include chemotherapy, radiation, and the removal of one or both testicles. What is the scientific term for surgical removal of the testes?
orchidectomy
Inflammation of one or both of the testicles is called __________.
orchitis
Immature bone cells that secrete osteoid are called _________, and bone stem cells are called ___________.
osteoblasts; osteogenic cells
Identify the bone cell labeled "D".
osteoclast
Identify the bone cell labeled "A". [Be prepared to identify all labeled bone cells in this image on upcoming exams]
osteocyte
Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix are called _______, and multinucleated cells that dissolve the bone matrix are called _________.
osteocytes; osteoclasts
Identify the compact bone structure labeled "C". [Be prepared to identify all labeled bone structures in this image on upcoming exams]
osteon
What phosphorylation mechanism is used to generate ATP in the ETS?
oxidative phosphorylation
When a molecule is _______ it loses electrons, and when a molecule is ______ it gains electrons.
oxidized; reduced
Which layer of the cutaneous membrane lies directly inferior to the epidermis?
papillary layer of the dermis
Identify the major skeletal muscle labeled "F".
pectoralis major
Identify the major skeletal muscle labeled "F". [Be prepared to identify all labeled muscles in this image on upcoming exams]
pectoralis major
Which of the following is NOT a formed element?
plasma
During oogenesis, two or three nonfunctional cells are produced that will eventually disintegrate. What is the name of these cells?
polar bodies
In scientific terms, the thumb is the _________, and the big "great" toe is the __________.
pollex; hallux
What type of trait inheritance occurs when the phenotype of an individual is determined by interaction among the alleles of several genes?
polygenic inheritance
Fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm would create a zygote that is incapable of normal development. This phenomenon is called ______________.
polyspermy
Which of the following is least likely to result in a genetic mutation?
poor health
The ball and socket joint in the hip is similar to the ball and socket joint of the shoulder but is designed more for __________ than ___________.
power; precision
Identify the gastrulation structure labeled "B". [Be prepared to identify all labeled structures associated with gastrulation in this image on upcoming exams]
primitive streak
Identify the ovarian structure labeled "A". [Be prepared to identify all labeled ovarian structures in this image on upcoming exams]
primordial follicles
Movement of the forearm includes __________.
pronation and supination
Frank is experiencing difficulty urinating, painful urination, low back pain and a slight fever. The doctor prescribes antibiotics and Frank recovers. It is likely that Frank suffered from
prostatitis
What is the function of Langerhans cells (dendritic cells) which are located in the stratum spinosum?
protect the body from microbes and help in the immune response against superficial skin cancer
Which of the buffer systems shown in the picture buffers pH in both the ICF and ECF?
protein buffer system
A marked loss in strength and elasticity of connective tissue characterizes Marfan's syndrome. Which connective tissue component imparts strength and elasticity?
proteinaceous connective tissue fibers
Identify the bone structure labeled "E". [Be prepared to identify all labeled bone structures on upcoming exams]
proximal metaphysis
When in a woman's life span do secondary oocytes begin to be produced?
puberty
Identify the adult pelvis structure labeled "H". [Be prepared to identify all labeled pelvic structures on upcoming exams]
pubis
Identify the molecule labeled "1".
pyruvate
Identify the right knee joint structure labeled "A". (anterior view). [Be prepared to identify all labeled structures in this image on upcoming exams]
quadriceps tendon
What occurs during bone remodeling?
removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts
An arterial blood gas was performed on a patient and the following results were obtained: pH = 7.2 CO2 = 55 mm Hg HCO3- = 24 mEq/L What type of acid-base imbalance would be indicative of these values?
respiratory acidosis
An arterial blood gas was performed on a patient and the following results were obtained: pH = 7.30 CO2 = 47 mm Hg HCO3- = 25 mEq/L What type of acid-base imbalance would be indicative of these values?
respiratory acidosis
An arterial blood gas was performed on a patient and the following results were obtained: pH = 7.55 CO2 = 30 mm Hg HCO3- = 23 mEq/L What type of acid-base imbalance would be indicative of these values?
respiratory alkalosis
The dermis is composed of the papillary layer and the __________.
reticular layer
Which type of arthritis could be treated by all of the following medications: steroids, standard DMARDs, and biologic DMARDs.
rheumatoid arthritis
Which of the following rib descriptions is FALSE?
rib pairs 1-8 are called vertebrosternal ribs
Identify the sectional plane designated by the red arrow.
sagittal
Identify the skeletal muscle fiber structure labeled "G".
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Identify the skeletal muscle fiber structure labeled "G". [Be prepared to identify all labeled anatomical structures in this image, focusing on upcoming exams]
sarcoplasmic reticulum
An abnormal lateral ("side-to-side") curvature of the spine is called _________, When this curvature occurs for an unknown reason, it is referred to as ___________.
scoliosis; idiopathic
Identify the trunk muscle labeled "E". [Be prepared to identify all labeled muscles in this image on upcoming exams]
serratus anterior
Various types of epithelial tissues are classified by the ____________ of individual cells and the number of _________ that form the tissue
shape; cell layers
Various types of epithelial tissues are classified by the ____________ of individual cells and the number of _________ that form the tissue.
shape; cell layers
Using your knowledge of scientific root words, joint movements, and how muscles are named, what is the description and function of the extensor hallicus brevis muscle?
short muscle that extends the big toe
When classifying bones by shape, carpal bones are classified as _______ bones, and the _________ is classified as a sesamoid bone.
short; patella
The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?
simple cuboidal epithelium
Which type of epithelia would have the least protective function?
simple squamous
The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?
simple squamous epithelium
What tissue type comprises the alveoli of the lung?
simple squamous epithelium
What muscle type has striations, and is under voluntary control?
skeletal
Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?
skeletal
Which type of muscle tissue is comprised of multinucleated, striated cells that are under voluntary control?
skeletal
Dermatomyositis is type of myopathy resulting in inflamed muscles. Using your knowledge of scientific root words, besides muscle involvement, what other organ do you think is affected by this condition?
skin
In a second-degree burn, the entire epidermis and perhaps some of the dermis are damaged. Which of the following is NOT typically associated with a second-degree burn?
skin grafts
Identify the muscle tissue labeled "C".
smooth
Which type of muscle tissue is comprised of cells that lack striations?
smooth
Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?
soma
The only cell in the human body that has a flagellum is a(n)
sperm
Male reproductive stem cells are called ____________.
spermatogonia
During spermatogenesis, the process in which spermatids differentiate into physically mature sperm is called
spermiogenesis
Identify the structure of the adult human skull labeled "A". [Be prepared to identify all labeled skull structures in this image on upcoming exams]
sphenoid
Identify the type of fracture labeled "D" that occurs when stress from twisting spreads along the length of the bone. [Be prepared to identify all labeled bone fractures in this image on upcoming exams]
spiral
Describe the body pose of someone who is in the anatomical position.
standing erect, hands at sides, palms pointed forward, toes pointing forward
Epididymitis can be caused by a number of different pathogens. Untreated epididymitis can result in ___________.
sterility
Identify the trunk muscle labeled "A". [Be prepared to identify all labeled muscles in this image on upcoming exams]
sternocleidomastoid
Melanocytes __________.
store melanin in melanosomes
Which epithelium, shown at the end of the arrow, is responsible for protection, secretion, and absorption?
stratified cuboidal
The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?
stratified squamous epithelium
In which layer of the skin are melanocytes found? (Figure 5-8)
stratum basale
What layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes, Merkel cells, and stem cells?
stratum basale
Which of the following is the correct order of epidermal layers of thick skin from deep to superficial?
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Which layer of the epidermis is the thickest layer?
stratum corneum
What type of trait inheritance occurs when one allele dominates the second allele and determines the phenotype?
strict dominance
Identify the rotational movement labeled "D". [Be prepared to identify all labeled movements in this image on upcoming exams]
supination
Identify the intervertebral joint structure labeled "D". [Be prepared to identify all labeled structures in this image on upcoming exams]
supraspinous ligament
What is the classification of this bone according to its shape?
sutural
When classifying bones by shape, small, flat, oddly-shaped bones located between flat bones of the skull are called _______ bones
sutural
Identify the type of joint labeled "F".
symphysis
What functional category is a fibrous gomphosis?
synarthrosis
A cartilaginous, immoveable joint that joins two adjacent bones is called a ___________.
synchrondrosis
Identify the type of joint labeled "E". [Be prepared to identify all labeled joint types in this image on upcoming exams]
syndesmosis
Epiphyseal lines of mature long bones are examples of immoveable, bony __________.
synostoses
This area of the endoplasmic reticulum indicated by the red arrow is involved in __________.
synthesizing, modifying, and packaging proteins
During contraction, the entire skeletal muscle shortens and produces a pull, called ______, on the tendons on either end of the muscle.
tension
When an action potential travels along the sarcolemma, it triggers the release of calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). What part of the SR releases calcium?
terminal cisternae
Ovarian cancer is a cancer of the female gonads. Therefore, ovarian cancer is to women as __________ cancer is to men.
testicular cancer
Ovarian cancer is a cancer of the female gonads. Therefore, ovarian cancer is to women as __________ is to men.
testicular cancer
Which of the following groups of muscles are not muscles of the shoulder?
the anterior flexor muscles
What effect does complete enzyme denaturation have on enzyme activity?
the enzyme will lose activity
A torn lateral collateral ligament destabilizes the connection between which of the following bones?
the femur and the fibula
Which of the following layers is targeted by liposuction?
the hypodermis
Cervical cancer could spread to other reproductive structures. Which of the following structures is furthest from the cervix?
the infundibulum of the uterine tubes
There currently is no cure for OI, and treatments are often aimed at preventing or controlling symptoms. One common treatment is rodding surgery, where a metal rod is inserted into a long bone to strengthen and prevent deformity. Using what you know about the structure of a typical long bone, what part of the long bone is the most likely place for this rod to be inserted?
the medullary cavity of the diaphysis
Connective tissue proper is divided into loose and dense. What structure determines if it is classified as loose of dense connective tissue proper?
the number of fibers in its ground substance
Acetylcholine binds to its receptor in the sarcolemma and triggers __________.
the opening of ligand-gated cation channels
Healthy skin cells require a constant supply of blood. In decubitus ulcers, or bed sores, this blood supply is hindered because superficial blood vessels are compressed. Which layer(s) of the skin hold(s) such compressed blood vessels?
the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis
What structure is the functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber?
the sarcomere
Which joint is considered the most flexible joint in the body?
the shoulder joint
The stratum lucidum is only found in thick skin. What is another difference when comparing thick skin to regular (thin) skin?
thick skin has a thicker stratum corneum
Muscles that act on the knee joint form most of the mass of the __________.
thigh
Identify the anatomical landmark designated by the letter "E".
thoracic
Which of the following is NOT a white blood cell?
thrombocyte
Identify the major skeletal muscle labeled "J". [Be prepared to identify all labeled muscles in this image on upcoming exams]
tibialis anterior
Identify the Level of Organization of the Human Body labeled "C"
tissue level
Why do skeletal muscle cells contain high numbers of mitochondria?
to supply the ATP needed for skeletal muscle function
The bone structure labeled "I" is called ___________ and is found in _________ bone.
trabeculae/spongy
The bone structure labeled "I" is called ___________ and is found in _________ bone. [Be prepared to identify all labeled compact bone structures in this image on upcoming exams]
trabeculae/spongy
The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is ____________ into mRNA, and mRNA is _____________ into protein. The first step of mRNA synthesis from DNA utilizes the enzyme _________________.
transcribed/translated/RNA polymerase
What is name given to the regularly spaced infoldings of the sarcolemma?
transverse or T tubules
Identify the vertebra structure labeled "B". [Be prepared to identify all labeled vertebral structures in this image on upcoming exams]
transverse process
Identify the major skeletal muscle labeled "A".
trapezius
Identify the major skeletal muscle labeled "A". [Be prepared to identify all labeled muscles in this image on upcoming exams]
trapezius
What molecule is stored in the tissue type labeled "B"?
triglycerides
What molecule is stored in the tissue type labeled "B"? [Be prepared to identify each type of connective tissue and state their location within the body on upcoming exams]
triglycerides
Some chromosomal disorders such as Edwards syndrome and Patau syndrome are caused by having an extra copy of a chromosome. Having an extra chromosome copy is called ___________.
trisomy
_______ covers the active sites of actin prior to calcium binding to troponin.
tropomyosin
The wrist exhibits biaxial movement, which means that it moves in _____ planes.
two
Identify the muscle fascicle arrangement labeled "E". [Be prepared to identify all labeled muscle fascicle arrangements in this image on upcoming exams]
unipennate muscle
Transitional epithelia is located in the ___________.
urinary bladder
Pre-embryotic cleavage that occurs during the first four days after fertilization takes place in what female reproductive structure?
uterine tube
What autoimmune disorder causes the destruction of melanocytes resulting in patches of skin void of pigment?
vitiligo
Identify the bone of the adult human skull labeled "I". [Be prepared to identify all labeled skull structures in this image on upcoming exams]
vomer
At day ten post fertilization, the primary nutrient source that will provide for the inner cell mass during the next two weeks is formed and is called the _________.
yolk sac
Identify the inner cell mass structure labeled "D". [Be prepared to identify all labeled structures associated with the inner cell mass in this image on upcoming exams]
yolk sac
Identify the structure of the adult human skull labeled "I".
zygomatic bone