Ch. 13 Workplace Health and Safety

19. OSHA will focus on problems associated with contemporary organizations, concentrating its efforts through the ___________________for research and setting standards in such areas as blood-borne pathogens and chemical process safety.A. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)B. National Institutes for Health (NIH)C. National Science Foundation (NSF)D. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)E. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

: A: 1 Page Ref: 353LO: 13.4 Explain what punitive actions OSHA can impose on an organizationAACSB: Application of knowledge

45. Of the following, which is the most prevalent source of stress for Americans?A. PersonalB. JobC. FamilyD. EconomicE. Health-related

: B: 1 Page Ref: 364LO: 13.8 Define stressAACSB: Application of knowledge

7. ______________ is a condition in which an accident is about to occur.A. A building code violationB. An OSHA violationC. Imminent dangerD. Possible dangerE. Willful violation

: C: 1 Page Ref: 350LO: 13.2 List the enforcement priorities of the Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationAACSB: Application of knowledge

4. Organizations not meeting the interstate commerce criteria of the ____________are generally covered by state occupational safety and health laws.A. Affordable Care Act of 2010B. Labor Management Relations Act of 1947C. Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938D. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993E. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1990

: E: 1 Page Ref: 350LO: 13.1 Discuss the supervisory effects of the Occupational Safety and Health ActAACSB: Application of knowledge

5. The safety and health standards the OSH Act established are quite complex. Briefly discuss some of the standards that exist as a result of OSH.

: Standards exist for such diverse conditions as noise levels, air impurities, physical protection equipment, the height of toilet partitions, and the correct size of ladders. Furthermore, OSHA researches repetitive stress (or motion) injuries, problems associated with the eyestrain that accompanies video display terminal use, problems of needle-sticks in health-care activities, and developing training and education programs for businesses.: 1 Page Ref: 350LO: 13.1 Discuss the supervisory effects of the Occupational Safety and Health ActAACSB: Application of knowledge

44. Factors that create stress can be grouped into two major categories—____________

both directly affect employees, and ultimately their jobs.A. organizational and personalB. eustress and distressC. general and specificD. internal and externalE. specific and non-specific;: A: 1 Page Ref: 364LO: 13.8 Define stressAACSB: Application of knowledge

3. The act applies to almost every US business engaged in _________ commerceA. interstateB. domesticC. North American D. intrastateE. global

: A: 1 Page Ref: 350LO: 13.1 Discuss the supervisory effects of the Occupational Safety and Health ActAACSB: Application of knowledge

8. ______________ are those that have led to serious injuries and must be reported to the OSHA field office within eight hours.A. Priority-two accidentsB. Employee complaintsC. Imminent danger incidentsD. Willful violationsE. Code violations

: A: 1 Page Ref: 350LO: 13.2 List the enforcement priorities of the Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationAACSB: Application of knowledge

12. Supervisors in industries in which a high percentage of accidents and injuries occur must __________________to fulfill part of the requirements established under the OSH Act.A. maintain safety and health recordsB. maintain casualty recordsC. meet compliance requirementsD. devise compliance plansE. develop disaster plans

: A: 1 Page Ref: 353LO: 13.3 Describe what supervisors must do to comply with OSHA record-keeping requirementsAACSB: Application of knowledge

23. _____________________ reasons are generally the cause of most work-related accidents A. Human or environmentalB. Mental or emotionalC. Environmental or developmentalD. Physical or emotionalE. Industrial or human

: A: 1 Page Ref: 356LO: 13.5 Describe the leading causes of safety and health accidentsAACSB: Application of knowledge

30. Organizations and their supervisors should also implement __________________.A. stronger security mechanismsB. better training programsC. employee assistance programsD. stronger disciplinary actionsE. better vigilance measures

: A: 1 Page Ref: 360LO: 13.6 Explain what supervisors can do to prevent workplace violenceAACSB: Application of knowledge

32. Often referred to as ____________, office environments that contain harmful airborne chemicals, asbestos, or indoor pollution (possibly caused by smoking) have forced employers to take drastic steps.A. sick buildingsB. environmentally comprised officesC. unhealthy complexD. sick organizationsE. unhealthy organizations

: A: 1 Page Ref: 360LO: 13.7 Explain how a supervisor can create a healthy work siteAACSB: Application of knowledge

48. To help employees deal with personal problems, more and more companies are implementing ________________________A. employee assistance programsB. health maintenance plansC. wellness programsD. exercise and fitness programsE. behavioral health programs

: A: 1 Page Ref: 365LO: 13.9 Describe the purposes of employee assistance and wellness programsAACSB: Application of knowledge

15. In complying with OSHA record-keeping requirements, one issue arises—just what is a reportable accident or illness? How can a supervisor decide whether an event should be reported?

: According to the act, any work-related illness (no matter how insignificant) must be reported on Form 300. Injuries, on the other hand, are reported only when they require medical treatment (besides first aid), involve loss of consciousness or restriction of work or motion, or require transfer to another job. Supervisors can decide whether an event should be recorded by following the OSHA schematic diagram. If so, the supervisor must record it under one of three areas: fatality, lost workdays, or neither fatality nor lost workdays.: 2 Page Ref: 351LO: 13.3 Describe what supervisors must do to comply with OSHA record-keeping requirementsAACSB: Application of knowledge

1. Supervisors have a legal responsibility, if not a _________, to ensure that the workplace is free from unnecessary hazards, and that conditions surrounding the work- place are not hazardous to their employees' physical or mental health A. personal responsibilityB. moral oneC. legal responsibilityD. commitmentE. personal one

: B: 1 Page Ref: 349LO: 13.1 Discuss the supervisory effects of the Occupational Safety and Health ActAACSB: Application of knowledge

2. Which piece of legislation dramatically changed the role that supervisors must play in ensuring that physical working conditions meet adequate standards?A. Labor Management Relations Act of 1947B. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1990C. The Affordable Care Act of 2010D. Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938E. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993

: B: 1 Page Ref: 349LO: 13.1 Discuss the supervisory effects of the Occupational Safety and Health ActAACSB: Application of knowledge

6. OSHA enforces standards based on a five-item priority listing. Which of the following is NOT one of those five items? A. Imminent dangerB. Dissatisfied consumer complaintsC. Random inspectionsD. Serious accidents within the past eight hoursE. Current employee complaints

: B: 1 Page Ref: 350LO: 13.2 List the enforcement priorities of the Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationAACSB: Application of knowledge

24. There are several traditional measures supervisors look to for preventing accidents. Of the following, which is NOT one of those measures?A. EngineeringB. TechnologyC. Skills trainingD. Protection E. Regulation enforcement

: B: 1 Page Ref: 357LO: 13.5 Describe the leading causes of safety and health accidentsAACSB: Application of knowledge

28. Supervisors must also ______________to identify troubled employees before the problem results in violence.A. be awareB. be trainedC. stay cautiously alertD. stay proactiveE. be vigilant

: B: 1 Page Ref: 360LO: 13.6 Explain what supervisors can do to prevent workplace violenceAACSB: Application of knowledge

34. Of the following, which is NOT an approach in implementing a total ban on smoking?A. Determine the organization's smoke-free goalsB. Offer occasional smoke-in-office daysC. Determine smoke-free timetablesD. Designate special areas for smokingE. Incentivize employees not to smoke

: B: 1 Page Ref: 361LO: 13.7 Explain how a supervisor can create a healthy work siteAACSB: Application of knowledge

36. _________________ is the process of fitting the work environment to the individual worker A. Efficient designB. ErgonomicsC. Environmental accommodationD. Reasonable accommodationE. Environmental design

: B: 1 Page Ref: 362LO: 13.7 Explain how a supervisor can create a healthy work siteAACSB: Application of knowledge

10. In 1978, the Supreme Court ruled in Marshall v. Barlow's Inc. that a supervisor and his or her organization are not required to let OSHA inspectors enter the premises unless _____________________.A. they have negotiated entryB. the inspectors have a search warrantC. there is probably causeD. there is imminent dangerE. an employee has complained

: B: 2 Page Ref: 351LO: 13.2 List the enforcement priorities of the Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationAACSB: Application of knowledge

16. An OSHA inspector has the right to ____________against an organization for noncompliance.A. impose a shutdownB. levy a fineC. bring a court caseD. enter a cease and desist orderE. enact an injunction

: B: 2 Page Ref: 353LO: 13.4 Explain what punitive actions OSHA can impose on an organizationAACSB: Application of knowledge

20. Concerns over chemical hazards led to ______________, which help identify hazardous chemicals in the workplace and require supervisors to inform employees of the chemicals to which they might be exposed, the health risk associated with that exposure, and other policies guiding their use.A. special guidelinesB. a number of states passing right-to-know lawsC. Congressional mandatesD. special educational programsE. medical risk management initiatives

: B: 2 Page Ref: 355LO: 13.4 Explain what punitive actions OSHA can impose on an organizationAACSB: Application of knowledge

22. For many organizations, the cost of accidents can be and is a substantial additional cost of doing business. Discuss motives why organizations spend money to keep their workplaces safe and why job safety programs make economic sense.

: Businesses are concerned with efficiency and profits, and they spend money (job safety programs) to create safe conditions exceeding those required by law because of the profit motive. The cost of accidents can be, and for many organizations is, a substantial additional cost of doing business. The direct cost of an accident to an employer shows itself in the organization's workers' compensation premium. This cost is largely determined by the insured's accident history. The employer also must pay indirect costs. These costs include wages paid for time lost as a result of injury, damage to equipment and materials, personnel to investigate and report on accidents, and lost production as a result of work stoppages and personnel changeover. The impact of these indirect costs can be seen in statistics that describe the costs of accidents for U.S. industry as a whole.: 2 Page Ref: 356LO: 13.4 Explain what punitive actions OSHA can impose on an organizationAACSB: Analytical thinking

14. The ___________________ rate is measure of the number of injuries, illnesses, or lost workdays as it relates to a common base rate of 100 full-time employees.A. failureB. accidentC. incidenceD. lost workdayE. casualty

: C: 1 Page Ref: 351LO: 13.3 Describe what supervisors must do to comply with OSHA record-keeping requirementsAACSB: Application of knowledge

29. _____________________can be designed specifically to help these individuals.A. Training programsB. Special work accommodationsC. Employee assistance programs (EAPs)D. OSHA training programsE. Remedial programs

: C: 1 Page Ref: 360LO: 13.6 Explain what supervisors can do to prevent workplace violenceAACSB: Application of knowledge

37. Office _____________ and office furniture are two of the areas ergonomics addresses.A. ambianceB. atmosphereC. environmentD. behaviorE. attitudes

: C: 1 Page Ref: 363LO: 13.7 Explain how a supervisor can create a healthy work siteAACSB: Application of knowledge

40. ______________is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraint, or demand related to what he or she desires, and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.A. DistressB. EustressC. StressD. Flight-or-fight responseE. Anxiety

: C: 1 Page Ref: 363LO: 13.8 Define stressAACSB: Application of knowledge

49. A __________________________ is a type of program in an organization that is designed to keep employees healthy.A. rehabilitation programB. health maintenance planC. wellness programD. exercise and fitness programE. behavioral health program

: C: 1 Page Ref: 366LO: 13.9 Describe the purposes of employee assistance and wellness programsAACSB: Application of knowledge

21. OSHA's training guidelines follow a model that consists of seven steps. Of the following, which is NOT one of the steps?A. Assess and evaluate training program effectiveness.B. Determine if training is needed.C. Counsel employees who require remediation.D. Conduct the training.E. Identify goals and objectives.

: C: 2 Page Ref: 355LO: 13.4 Explain what punitive actions OSHA can impose on an organizationAACSB: Application of knowledge

17.. if supervisors and their organizations do not bring a "red-flagged" item into compliance, they can be ________________________.A. objects of a civil lawsuit.B. immediately dischargedC. barred from their industryD. assessed a severe penalty.E. personally liable

: D: 1 Page Ref: 353LO: 13.4 Explain what punitive actions OSHA can impose on an organizationAACSB: Application of knowledge

25. One way supervisors can be assured that rules and regulations are being enforced is to develop ________________system.A. an observational B. a public awarenessC. a disciplinaryD. some type of feedbackE. an electronic monitoring

: D: 1 Page Ref: 357LO: 13.5 Describe the leading causes of safety and health accidentsAACSB: Application of knowledge

33. Of the following, which is NOT a suggested way for a supervisor to keep a work place healthy?A. Make sure workers get enough fresh airB. Keep air ducts clean and dryC, Test new buildings for toxins before occupancyD. Make sure employees and managers have a sayE. Test new buildings for toxins before occupancy

: D: 1 Page Ref: 360LO: 13.7 Explain how a supervisor can create a healthy work siteAACSB: Application of knowledge

35. ______________ is known to affect your wrist because of repetitive stress injuries.A. ErgonomicsB. Stress fractureC. TendonitisD. Carpal tunnel syndromeE. Muscle disorder

: D: 1 Page Ref: 362LO: 13.7 Explain how a supervisor can create a healthy work siteAACSB: Application of knowledge

41. When _________________have an effect on an important event and the outcome is unknown, pressure is added—resulting in stress.A. high-impact eventsB. financial pressuresC. career demandsD. constraints or demandsE. workplace uncertainties

: D: 1 Page Ref: 363LO: 13.8 Define stressAACSB: Application of knowledge

42. When constraints and demands are coupled with uncertainty about the outcome and importance of the outcome, potential stress becomes ___________.A. life-threateningB. psychosomatic stressC. distressD. actual stressE. eustress

: D: 1 Page Ref: 363LO: 13.8 Define stressAACSB: Application of knowledge

9. A new rule established in 1990 also requires supervisors whose employees handle ____________ to follow strict operating procedures.A. scrap metalB. bulk foodC. oxygen tanksD. hazardous wasteE. gasoline

: D: 2 Page Ref: 351LO: 13.2 List the enforcement priorities of the Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationAACSB: Application of knowledge

13. The basis of record keeping for the OSH Act is the completion of OSHA Form 300, which employers are required to keep for ______________yearsA. twoB. threeC. sevenD. tenE. five

: E: 1 Page Ref: 351LO: 13.3 Describe what supervisors must do to comply with OSHA record-keeping requirementsAACSB: Application of knowledge

18. Under certain circumstances, company executives can be_____________________ if a company that fails to keep its OSH Act records properly.A. objects of a civil lawsuit.B. immediately dischargedC. barred from their industryD. held civilly liableE. held criminally liable

: E: 1 Page Ref: 353LO: 13.4 Explain what punitive actions OSHA can impose on an organizationAACSB: Application of knowledge

27. Workplace violence is on the increase. The issue for supervisors, then, is how to prevent violence from occurring on the job and to __________________should an unfortunate event occur.A. take precautionsB. take action against potential offendersC. be proactiveD. resist being reactiveE. reduce their organization's liability

: E: 1 Page Ref: 360LO: 13.6 Explain what supervisors can do to prevent workplace violenceAACSB: Application of knowledge

46. Of the following, which account(s) for nearly 40 percent of annual workplace illnesses, resulting in headaches, swollen feet, back pain, or nerve damage and cost(s) U.S. companies several billion dollars annually?A. StressB. EustressC. Cardiac disordersD. Emotional disordersE. Musculoskeletal disorders

: E: 1 Page Ref: 362LO: 13.8 Define stressAACSB: Application of knowledge

38. Repetitive stress injuries and related musculoskeletal disorders caused by improper workstation design have been reduced by _____________________________.A. general better working conditionsB. improved office furniture designC. new workplace policies regarding repetitive stressD. healthier and more environmentally friendly buildingsE. adherence to OSHA-issued ergonomic standards

: E: 1 Page Ref: 363LO: 13.7 Explain how a supervisor can create a healthy work siteAACSB: Application of knowledge

43. _______________ are factors that can cause stress in an individual.A. External factors B. Environmental factorsE. Internal factorsD. Behavioral factorsE. Stressors

: E: 1 Page Ref: 364LO: 13.8 Define stressAACSB: Application of knowledge

11. List and briefly discuss the five OSHA enforcement priorities.

: Enforcement procedures of OSHA standards vary depending on the nature of the event and the organization. Typically, OSHA enforces the standards based on a five-item priority listing. These are, in descending priority, as follows: imminent danger; serious accidents that have occurred within the past eight hours; a current employee complaint; inspections of target industries with a high injury ratio; and random inspections. Imminent danger refers to a condition in which an accident is about to occur. This has given rise to priority-two accidents—those that have led to serious injuries or death. Priority three, employee complaints, is a major concern for any supervisor. If an employee sees a violation of OSHA standards, that employee has the right to call OSHA and request an investigation. Next in the priority of enforcement is the inspection of targeted industries. The final OSHA priority is the random inspection. Originally, OSHA inspectors were authorized to enter any work area premise, without notice, to ensure that the workplace is in compliance. In 1978, however, the Supreme Court ruled in Marshall v. Barlow's Inc. that a supervisor and his or her organization are not required to let OSHA inspectors enter the premises unless the inspectors have a search warrant.: 2 Page Ref: 350 - 351LO: 13.2 List the enforcement priorities of the Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationAACSB: Application of knowledge

39. Briefly describe ways organizations and supervisors can use ergonomics to reduce the potential effects of repetitive stress injuries.

: One chief means of reducing the potential effects of repetitive stress injuries for an organization is through the use of ergonomics. Ergonomics involves fitting the work environment to the individual. Reality tells us that every employee is erent—-erent shape, size, height, and so on. Expecting each worker to adjust to "standard" office furnishings is just not practical. Instead, by recognizing and acting on these erences, ergonomics looks at customizing the work environment so it not only is conducive to productive work but also keeps the employee healthy.: 1 Page Ref: 362 - 363LO: 13.7 Explain how a supervisor can create a healthy work siteAACSB: Application of knowledge

50. Discuss the possible reasons that wellness programs don't work as well as employee assistance programs (EAPs) What criteria can help wellness programs succeed and increase employee participation?

: Similar to EAPs, wellness programs don't work unless employees view them as having some value. Unfortunately for wellness, the numbers across the United States are not as promising. Less than one-fourth of all employees use them. To help combat this low turnout, some key criteria must exist. First of all, there must be top supervisory support. Without supervisors' support regarding resources and in personally using the programs, the wrong message may be sent to employees. Second, there is a need to have the programs serve the family as well as the employees themselves. This not only provides an atmosphere where families can get healthy together, but it also reduces possible medical costs for the dependents. And finally, there is the issue of employee input. If programs are designed without considering employees' needs, even the best ones may fail. Supervisors need to invite participation by asking employees what they'd use if available. Although many supervisors know that exercise is beneficial, few initially addressed how to get employees involved, but after finding out that employees would like such things as on-site exercise facilities or aerobics, they were able to begin appropriate program development.: 2 Page Ref: 366LO: 13.9 Describe the purposes of employee assistance and wellness programsAACSB: Analytical thinking

47. How can supervisors reduce stress in the workplace? Is stress in organizations inevitable?

: Some stress in organizations is absolutely necessary. One of the first means of reducing stress is to make sure that employees are properly matched to their jobs, and that they understand the extent of their "authority." Letting employees know precisely what is expected of them can reduce ambiguity. Redesigning jobs can also help ease work overload-related stressors. Employees should have some input in those things that affect them. Their involvement and participation have been found to lessen stress.Supervisors must recognize that no matter what they do to eliminate organizational stressors, some employees will still be "stressed out." Supervisors simply have little or no control over the employee's personal factors. Supervisors also face an ethical issue when personal factors cause stress—just how far can one intrude on an employee's personal life? To help deal with this issue, many companies have started employee assistance and wellness programs. These employer-offered programs are designed to assist employees in areas where they may be having iculties, such as financial planning, legal matters, health, fitness, and handling stress.: 2 Page Ref: 365LO: 13.8 Define stressAACSB: Application of knowledge

31. Outline some general steps and suggestions that organizations and supervisors can take to reduce the potential of workplace violence.

: The organization must develop a plan to deal with the issue. This may mean reviewing all corporate policies to ensure that they are not adversely affecting employees. In fact, in many cases where violent individuals caused mayhem in an office setting and didn't commit suicide, one common factor arose: These employees were not treated with respect or dignity. They were laid off without any warning, or they perceived that they were being treated too harshly in the discipline process. Sound human resource management practices can help ensure that respect and dignity exist for employees, even in the most icult issues such as terminations. Supervisors must also be trained to identify troubled employees before the problem results in violence. Employee assistance programs (EAPs) can be designed specifically to help these individuals. : 1 Page Ref: 360LO: 13.6 Explain what supervisors can do to prevent workplace violenceAACSB: Application of knowledge

26. Although safety is everyone's responsibility, safety should also be part of the organization's culture. Discuss some ways organizations and supervisors can make it part of the workplace culture.

: There are some various ways organizations and supervisors can make safety part of workplace culture. Top management must show its commitment to safety by providing resources to purchase safety devices and maintaining equipment. Second, safety should become part of every employee's performance goals. Holding employees accountable for safety issues by evaluating their performance sends the message that the company is serious about safety. Many organizations emphasize safety through the formation of employee groups called safety committees. Although prevalent chiefly in unionized settings, these committees serve a vital role in helping the company and its employees implement and maintain a good safety program. Another means of promoting safety is to empower the employees so they can take action. These actions may include empowering employees to commemorate certain safety markers (zero accidents, environmental safety) and other actions. It may also include empowering employees to note and suggest changes in the organization to ensure the health and safety of others.: 1 Page Ref: 357 - 358LO: 13.5 Describe the leading causes of safety and health accidentsAACSB: Reflective thinking