Ch 14 Brain and Behavior
Children show evidence of sensitivity to the "rules" of language by the age of _______ months.
7
According to research, what percent of right-handers have a clockwise whorl of hair on the crown of the scalp?
93%
Which of the following is correct about the word "unbreakable"?
Able is a morpheme
Disturbance in reading is called
Alexia
Which symptom has not been reported in the brains of people with dyslexia?
Asymmetrical planum temporale
A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia
Broca's
A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia
Broca's
Patients with _______ are likely to have right-sided weakness or partial paralysis; those with _______ are likely to experience right-sided numbness
Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia
Because chimpanzees seem able to learn a version of American Sign Language (ASL), some researchers have concluded that they are able to acquire language. Those who disagree, however, offer which criticism of this conclusion?
Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers
Which of the following best describes the Wernicke-Geschwind model of aphasia?
Connectionist
Which region of cortex is crucial for face recognition?
Fusiform gyrus
Which area of the avian brain is crucial for song production?
High vocal center (HVC)
Which symptom would not be a likely result of extensive damage to the right fusiform gyrus?
Impairment in recognizing the voices of coworkers
Which statement about childhood aphasia is most true?
Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood
Which statement about the evolution of languages is most accurate?
Languages are being lost or absorbed as a result of increasing globalization
Which symptom is not one of the forms of brain pathology associated with long-time boxers?
Micropolygyria
_______ is an anatomical abnormality of developmental dyslexia that is associated with excessive cortical folding in areas such as the temporoparietal junction
Micropolygyria
In ERP studies of normal subjects, it has been found that a grammatically correct sentence containing a word whose meaning does not fit into the sentence provokes a(n) _______ wave from the _______ lobe.
N400; temporal
Which feature is not a defining sign of aphasia?
Prosopagnosia
Which feature of birdsong suggests it is analogous to human speech?
Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song
Finding your way to your biopsychology class requires
Spacial cognition
One of the interesting findings of DTI tractography is that
The arcuate fasciculus is shorter than was once thought
Under which circumstance would a doctor request that a patient undergo a Wada test?
The patient may need to undergo neurosurgery
A patient who produces seemingly fluent but largely unintelligible speech and has poor comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia
Wernicke's
Which statement best illustrates the motor theory of language?
When we listen to speech, we process the speech sounds using the same neural systems that we use to make those sounds
Noninvasive stimulation mapping using transcranial magnetic stimulation has revealed that the _______ area of Broca's area is important for semantic processing, while the _______ area of Broca's area is important for phonological processing
anterior; posterior
TMS brain mapping has shown that _______ regions of Broca's area are important for _______ processing.
anterior; semantic
Phonemes are the
basic sounds of language
Which of the following has not been used for language training in apes?
braille
In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field
cannot be repeated verbally
In boxers, the devastating effects of repeated blows to the head are evident in the development of a progressive cognitive impairment called
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Damage to the connections between Wernicke's area and Broca's area lead to _______ aphasia
conduction
According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time
constraint-induced movement
The human brain shows a clear _______ during which exposure and practice with language must occur in order for language skills to develop normally
critical period
_______ dyslexia is a form of acquired dyslexia in which the patient incorrectly reads a word as another semantically-related word
deep
In nonhuman primates, the brain regions in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalizations seem to be those involved in
defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors
The official term for "punch-drunk" is
dementia pugilistica
Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of
dyslexia
An exciting, but controversial future treatment for brain injury may be the use of _______ to replace the damaged neurons in the brain and spinal cord
embryonic stem cells
Childhood hemispherectomy is often followed by
extensive functional recovery.
In the Wada test, anesthetizing the right hemisphere interferes with a subject's ability to recognize
faces
In infants, the left planum temporale is larger than the right; this suggests that
humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language
In general, brain injury suffered _______has less severe consequences than brain injury suffered _______
in childhood; in adulthood
A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed
in right-handed individuals
Apraxia is
inability to execute a learned sequence of movements
Astereognosia is the
inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation
Hemispheric specialization is also known as
lateralization
Nonverbal visual stimuli, such as faces or shapes, are recognized more accurately if they are presented to
left visual field
Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called
neologisms
The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______
phonemes; grammar
A prominent structural asymmetry in the brains of typical humans is apparent in the _______, which is located on the superior surface of the _______lobe
planum temporale; temporal
Birdsong is similar to human speech in that
proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial
Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in
prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia is the inability to
recognize faces
People with conduction aphasia are unable to
repeat words or sentences
The goal of constraint-induced movement therapy is to encourage stroke patients to use the afflicted arm by _______ the unaffected arm
restraining
All the following may aid in stabilization and reorganization after brain damage except
reverse transcription
The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody
right; right
In humans, TMS of Broca's area indicates that the anterior portion of the region is responsible for
semantic processing alone
Cortical mapping of the brain of an individual while they are speaking their native language indicates that
slightly different patterns of activation may be seen among speakers of two or more languages
In monkeys, stimulation of the _______, but not of the _______, results in vocalizations.
subcortical regions; cortex
A native English-speaking person with _______ dyslexia would have great difficulty reading the title TheTough Coughs as He Ploughs the Dough.
surface
_______ dyslexia is a form of acquired dyslexia in which the patient has difficulty with the details and sounds of letters.
surface
Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to _______ as a treatment for _______.
the corpus callosum; epilepsy
Williams syndrome provides evidence for
the heritability of language
Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of
the left posterior temporal region
A symptom of aphasia called "paraphasia" is characterized by
the substitution of words by sounds, phonemes, or unintended words
Mirror therapy has been shown to be useful for rehabilitation after brain injury as it
tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm
The angular gyrus links the
visual region and Wernicke's area
In patients with aphasia following a stroke, the greatest amount of language recovery is likely to be achieved _______ after the episode of brain damage
within 3 months
