CH 15 & 16
An emerging infectious disease is either new to the human population or has shown an increase in prevalence in the previous ______ years. 30 2 5 10 20
20
Put the following in order:1 - The pathogen must be re-isolated from the new host and must be identical to the original pathogen2 - A healthy test subject infected with the suspected pathogen must develop the same signs and symptoms of disease as seen in postulate3 - The suspected pathogen must be found in every case of disease and not be found in healthy individuals.4 - The suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3,4,2,1 2,3,4,1 2,4,1,3 1,2,3,4 4,2,1,3
3,4,2,1
When localized pathogens, or the toxin it produces, can spread to secondary locations, it is considered _____________________. A focal infection A primary infection A local infection A systemic infection
A focal infection
When hiking in Northern California around the Russian River, Mary was bitten by a tick. The tick transmitted the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi to Mary's leg tissues while it was obtaining a blood meal. This bacteria is found in certain species of hard-bodied ticks around the USA such as the Deer Tick. The Borrelia bacteria completes part of its life cycle in the ticks. Because Mary is showing signs and symptoms of the illness, she is considered a ___________. Biological vector Active carrier Asymptomatic carrier Passive carrier Mechanical vector
Active carrier
Betsy went to the hospital to visit her sick grandmother. While she was on her way on the bus, she was sitting next to Amy, a 46-year old woman headed to the hospital as well. She was coughing a lot (without covering her mouth) and looked miserable in general. Every time she coughed, Betsy could feel droplets hitting her arm. If Betsy later came down with the flu, what was the most likely mode of transmission that gave it to her? Group of answer choices Direct transmission Fomite transmission Community acquired transmission Airborne transmission Droplet transmission
Airborne transmission
This type of study employs carefully selected groups of individuals in an attempt to more convincingly evaluate hypotheses about potential causes for a disease outbreak. Observational Prospective Experimental Descriptive Analytical
Analytical
What are we talking about when point mutations cause slight changes in the spike proteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)? Antigenic drift Antigenic shift Viral defense Viral adhesins
Antigenic drift
Diseases that are contracted because of a medical procedure __________________. Are known as iatrogenic diseases Are known as nosocomial diseases Are known as infectious diseases Are known as communicable diseases
Are known as iatrogenic diseases
Diseases that are contracted in a hospital settings _____________________. Are known as nosocomial diseases Are known as iatrogenic diseases Are known as infectious diseases Are known as communicable diseases
Are known as iatrogenic diseases
What are endotoxins? Are heat labile Are proteins Are produced by Gram positive bacteria Are produced by Gram negative bacteria
Are produced by Gram negative bacteria
What are exotoxins? Are nucleases Are lipids Are enzymes Are proteins
Are proteins
What is Aflatoxin produced by? Cryptococcus Claviceps Candida Aspergillus
Aspergillus
When hiking in Northern California around the Russian River, Mary was bitten by a tick. The tick transmitted the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi to Mary's leg tissues while it was obtaining a blood meal. This bacteria is found in certain species of hard-bodied ticks around the USA such as the Deer Tick. The Borrelia bacteria completes part of its life cycle in the ticks. Because the bacteria completes part of its life cycle in the tick, the tick is considered a _______ for the bacteria. Definitive host HAI Quarantine Reservoir Biological vector
Biological vector
Which of the one listed below cannot be used for adherence? Pili Fimbriae Cell membrane galactose Glycoproteins
Cell membrane galactose
A-B toxins, which are intracellular targeting toxins, are produced by some of the following diseases. Mark all that apply. Cholera Diphtheria Tetanus Anthrax
Cholera Diphtheria Tetanus
Betsy went to the hospital to visit her sick grandmother. While she was on her way on the bus, she was sitting next to Amy, a 46-year old woman headed to the hospital as well. She was coughing a lot (without covering her mouth) and looked miserable in general. Every time she coughed, Betsy could feel droplets hitting her arm. If Betsy later came down with a covid-19 infection, what descriptive below best fits how she got it? HAI Vector transmission Community acquired infection Fomite transmission Mechanical transmission
Community acquired infection
Betsy went to the hospital to visit her sick grandmother. While she was on her way on the bus, she was sitting next to Amy, a 46-year old woman headed to the hospital as well. She was coughing a lot (without covering her mouth) and looked miserable in general. Every time she coughed, Betsy could feel droplets hitting her arm. Later Amy was diagnosed with having the covid-19 virus If Betsy later came down with a cold, what was the most likely mode of transmission that gave it to her? Community acquired transmission Fomite transmission Droplet transmission Direct transmission Airborne transmission
Community acquired transmission Fomite transmission Droplet transmission Airborne transmission
Toxoplasmosis is caused by a protozoan parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite reaches sexual maturity in cats and the intermediate host is usually a rat or a bird. It can cause aberrant behavior in the prey organisms it infects, such as making the scent of cat urine appealing to rodents. Humans can become infected and affected by this eukaryotic single-celled organism, but the organism does not reproduce sexually in human tissues nor is it transmitted to other organisms by humans. In this scenario, a human would be what to the Toxoplasma gondii organism? Vector Dead-end host Fomite Definitive host Intermediate host
Dead-end host
Toxoplasmosis is caused by a protozoan parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite reaches sexual maturity in cats and the intermediate host is usually a rat or a bird. It can cause aberrant behavior in the prey organisms it infects, such as making the scent of cat urine appealing to rodents. Humans can become infected and affected by this eukaryotic single-celled organism, but the organism does not reproduce sexually in human tissues nor is it transmitted to other organisms by humans. In this scenario, the cat is what to the Toxoplasma gondii organism? Definitive host Vector Intermediate host Dead-end host Fomite
Definitive host
This type of study gathers information about a disease outbreak, the affected individuals, and how the disease has spread over time in an exploratory stage of study. Prospective Descriptive Analytical Observational Retrospective
Descriptive
What is an example of a primary pathogen? EHEC All organisms listed here are primary pathogens Candida albicans Staphylococcus epidermidis
EHEC
Which type of study provides the strongest evidence for the etiology of disease, but they must also be designed carefully to eliminate subtle effects of bias. Retrospective Experimental Descriptive Prospective Analytical
Experimental
The following are stages of pathogenesis. Mark all that apply Exposure Invasion Adhesion Inflammation
Exposure Invasion Adhesion
Which out of the following has the highest incidence of the outbreak? Japan Australia Germany Singapore China
Germany
Which protozoan uses a large adhesive disc composed of microtubules to attach to the intestinal mucosa of the host? Trypanosoma Plasmodium Giardia Euglenozoa
Giardia
Which of these two graphs represents a probable propagated spread for a particular disease? Graph B Graph A
Graph A
Which of these graphs represents a probable point spread for a disease? Graph A Graph B
Graph B
Which of these graphs represents a probable point spread for a disease? Graph B Graph A
Graph B
If Betsy's grandmother later came down with any of these illnesses, what term best describes what type of illness it is? HAI Vector-borne illness Community acquired infection Vector transmission Droplet transmission
HAI Vector-borne illness Vector transmission Droplet transmission
When compared, how does helminths' virulence differ from protozoans'? That protozoans uses more toxins than helminths Helminths rely more on bigger size and better outer defense Protozoans use better colored adhesins than helminths Helminths are cuter than protozoans
Helminths rely more on bigger size and better outer defense
What is an example of a chronic disease? Hepatitis B Influenza Mononucleosis Shingles
Hepatitis B
If I said that there were 2560 new cases of the Novel Coronavirus being reported world-wide on February 11, 2020, I would be talking about the _______________ of the disease. Prevalence Mortality Rate Etiology Incidence Morbidity rate
Incidence
Match the concept with its correct definition: Incidence the number or proportion of new cases in a period of time. Etiology the study of the causes of disease. Prevalence the number, or proportion, of individuals with a particular illness in a given population at a point in time. Mortality deaths associated with an outbreak Morbidity deaths associated with an outbreak Epidemiology the geographical distribution and timing of infectious disease occurrences and how they are transmitted and maintained in nature, with the goal of recognizing and controlling outbreaks.
Incidence the number or proportion of new cases in a period of time. Etiology the study of the causes of disease. Prevalence the number, or proportion, of individuals with a particular illness in a given population at a point in time. Mortality deaths associated with an outbreak Morbidity The state of being diseased. Epidemiology the geographical distribution and timing of infectious disease occurrences and how they are transmitted and maintained in nature, with the goal of recognizing and controlling outbreaks.
The following are periods of infectious disease. Mark all that apply. Incubation period Prodromal period Ending period Convalescence period
Incubation period Prodromal period Convalescence period
What is the method to avoid phagocytosis by the host? Producing fimbriae Producing toxins Inducing endocytosis inducing TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factors)
Inducing endocytosis
Toxoplasmosis is caused by a protozoan parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite reaches sexual maturity in cats and the intermediate host is usually a rat or a bird. It can cause aberrant behavior in the prey organisms it infects, such as making the scent of cat urine appealing to rodents. Humans can become infected and affected by this eukaryotic single-celled organism, but the organism does not reproduce sexually in human tissues nor is it transmitted to other organisms by humans. In this scenario, a rodent would be what to the Toxoplasma gondii organism? Fomite Dead-end host Vector Intermediate host Definitive host
Intermediate host
What is a symptom? Is the successful colonization of a host by microbes Is a condition that is objective and directly observed by a doctor Is any condition in which the normal structure of function of the body are damaged or impaired Is a condition that is observed and experienced by the patient
Is a condition that is observed and experienced by the patient
A pathogen that can cause a disease only in situations where the host's defense is compromised _________________________. Is a primary pathogen Is an intense pathogen Is a secondary pathogen Is an opportunistic pathogen
Is an opportunistic pathogen
What is a disease? Is the successful colonization of a host by microbes Is any condition in which the normal structure of function of the body are damaged or impaired Is a condition that is observed and experienced by the patient Is a condition that is objective and directly observed by a doctor
Is any condition in which the normal structure of function of the body are damaged or impaired
What is an infection? Is the successful colonization of a host by microbes Is a condition that is observed and experienced by the patient Is any condition in which the normal structure of function of the body are damaged or impaired Is a condition that is objective and directly observed by a doctor
Is the successful colonization of a host by microbes
What was the prior question an example of? Prevalence Koch's Postulates Etiology Epidemiology Incidence
Koch's Postulates Etiology
Some of the following are membrane disrupting toxins. Mark all that apply. Cytokines Leukocidins Bacterial phospholipases Hemolysins
Leukocidins Bacterial phospholipases Hemolysins
Which of the following are considered re-emerging diseases? Select all that apply. MRSA Antibiotic-resistant TB Lyme Disease SARS Antibiotic-resistant Malaria
MRSA Antibiotic-resistant TB Antibiotic-resistant Malaria
A fly has landed on a dead animal and spent some time on it laying eggs. It then buzzes around the area for a bit before landing on Thomas' fork looking for food material. Thomas waves the fly away and continues to use the fork, which has been contaminated with bacteria from the fly's feet. A day later, Thomas is not feeling very well and begins to show signs of an intestinal infection. When Thomas gives the bacterial infection to his roommates, the infected food items are considered a ___________. Mechanical vector HAI Vehicle Biological vector Carrier
Mechanical vector HAI Vehicle Biological vector
The number of pathogen cells or particles required to cause death in 50% of inoculated animals is ____________________. Median Infectious Dose (ID50) Media Lethal Dose (LD50) Virulence factor 50 Infection factor 50
Media Lethal Dose (LD50)
1% of China's total population (1.4 billion) was infected by the Novel Coronavirus as of February 11th, 2020. This is an example of the disease's ____________. Mortality Rate Mortality Morbidity Rate Infection Rate Incidence rate
Morbidity Rate
_____________ are tracked by epidemiological studies and the data is used to inform health-care providers and the public about possible risks. Outbreaks Endemics Pandemics Koch's Postulates Notifiable diseases
Notifiable diseases
In this type of study, data are gathered from study participants through measurements (such as physiological variables like white blood cell count), or answers to questions in interviews (such as recent travel or exercise frequency). Descriptive Observational Analytical Prospective Retrospective
Observational
If I said there were 43,103 confirmed cases of the Novel Coronavirus worldwide on February 11, 2020, I would be talking about the ________________ of the disease. Etiology Prevalence Epidemiology Mortality Incidence
Prevalence
These virulence factors are common for both fungal and bacterial microbes. Mark all that apply. Living in symbiosis with the host Using adhesins Producing variety of toxins Employing antigenic variations Employing mechanisms to avoid phagocytosis
Producing variety of toxins Employing antigenic variations Employing mechanisms to avoid phagocytosis Using adhesins
This type of study follows individuals and monitors their disease state during the course of the study. Prospective Analytical Descriptive Experimental Observational
Prospective
When hiking in Northern California around the Russian River, Mary was bitten by a tick. The tick transmitted the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi to Mary's leg tissues while it was obtaining a blood meal. This bacteria is found in certain species of hard-bodied ticks around the USA such as the Deer Tick. The Borrelia bacteria completes part of its life cycle in the ticks. Since the disease caused by this infection (Lyme Disease) can only be transmitted through the bite of a tick, there is no need to _________ Mary from other people, since it cannot be passed from her to others. Quarantine Nosocomial Vector Vehicle HAI
Quarantine
A _______________ is a disease that is increasing in frequency after a previous period of decline. Nosocomial disease Emerging disease Re-occurring disease HAI disease Re-emerging disease
Re-emerging disease
When hiking in Northern California around the Russian River, Mary was bitten by a tick. The tick transmitted the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi to Mary's leg tissues while it was obtaining a blood meal. This bacteria is found in certain species of hard-bodied ticks around the USA such as the Deer Tick. The Borrelia bacteria completes part of its life cycle in the ticks. The tick is considered a ________ for the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi. Reservoir definitive host Quarantine HAI Mechanical vector
Reservoir
This type study gathers data from the past on present-day cases. Analytical Experimental Retrospective Descriptive Prospective
Retrospective
The aquatic larval form of this helminth uses proteases to degrade skin and enter the body of the host is _____________. Liver flukes Schistosoma Nematodes Tapeworms
Schistosoma
What is an example of a latent disease? Shingles Mononucleosis Influenza Hepatitis B
Shingles
What is an example of a noninfectious disease? Chickenpox Mumps HIV Sickle cell anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Which out of the following countries has the highest prevalence of the outbreak? China South Korea France USA Singapore
Singapore
Which out of the following shows the highest mortality for the outbreak? Group of answer choices Malaysia Australia China Japan Singapore
Singapore
Match the concept with its correct definition: Sporadic Diseases that are seen only occasionally, and usually without geographic concentration. Epidemic Diseases for which a larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time within a geographic region. Endemic Diseases that are constantly present (often at a low level) in a population within a particular geographic region. Pandemic An epidemic that occurs on a worldwide scale.
Sporadic Diseases that are seen only occasionally, and usually without geographic concentration. Epidemic Diseases for which a larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time within a geographic region. Endemic Diseases that are constantly present (often at a low level) in a population within a particular geographic region. Pandemic An epidemic that occurs on a worldwide scale.
Match the scenario with its correct definition: Sporadic disease Single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a community. Endemic disease 22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among residents of a particular neighborhood (usually 0 or 1 per year). Pandemic disease About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this region per week, slightly less than the national average. Epidemic disease Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918-1919.
Sporadic disease Single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a community. Endemic disease About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this region per week, slightly less than the national average. Pandemic disease Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918-1919. Epidemic disease 22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among residents of a particular neighborhood (usually 0 or 1 per year).
What is excessive activation of the immune system and severe response that can lead to life threatening fever, inflammation, and shock, are caused by? Intracellular targeting toxins Superinfection Superantigens Membrane disrupting toxins
Superantigens
What is an example of a noncommunicable infectious disease? HIV Mumps Chickenpox Tetanus
Tetanus
What is the reason why malaria persists and it is not easily detected by the immune system of the host? The different endotoxins The different exotoxins The ability to avoid phagocytosis The antigenic variations
The antigenic variations
The following applies to the Koch's postulates. Mark all that apply. The pathogen isolated from the new host do not have to be identical to the pathogen from the old host The suspected pathogen can infect a previously healthy individual that will exhibit the same symptoms as the diseased one the suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture The suspected pathogen must be found only in the diseased individuals, but not in healthy individuals
The suspected pathogen can infect a previously healthy individual that will exhibit the same symptoms as the diseased one the suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture The suspected pathogen must be found only in the diseased individuals, but not in healthy individuals
What are Koch's postulates used for? To determine the cause of a new disease To formulate a vaccine against a new pathogen To investigate a microbiological problem to develop a new antibiotic
To determine the cause of a new disease
What are Koch's postulates used for? To determine the cause of a new disease to develop a new antibiotic To investigate a microbiological problem To formulate a vaccine against a new pathogen
To determine the cause of a new disease
Which protozoan can form capsules and thus avoid phagocytosis? Plasmodium Giardia Trypanosoma Euglenozoa
Trypanosoma
Toxoplasmosis is caused by a protozoan parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite reaches sexual maturity in cats and the intermediate host is usually a rat or a bird. It can cause aberrant behavior in the prey organisms it infects, such as making the scent of cat urine appealing to rodents. Humans can become infected and affected by this eukaryotic single-celled organism, but the organism does not reproduce sexually in human tissues nor is it transmitted to other organisms by humans. In this scenario, a human would be what to the Toxoplasma gondii organism? Vector Dead-end host Intermediate host Definitive host Fomite
Vector Dead-end host
A fly has landed on a dead animal and spent some time on it laying eggs. It then buzzes around the area for a bit before landing on Thomas' fork looking for food material. Thomas waves the fly away and continues to use the fork, which has been contaminated with bacteria from the fly's feet. In this scenario, Thomas' infected food items are exhibiting the concept of ______________. Fomite transmission Airborne transmission Vehicle transmission Vertical direct contact transmission Direct contact transmission
Vehicle transmission
Which of the following is an example of an emerging disease? Select all that apply. Zika COVID-19 H1N1 flu Measles HIV
Zika COVID-19 H1N1 flu HIV
Which of the following is an example of an emerging disease? Select all that apply. Zika H1N1 flu HIV COVID-19 Measles
Zika H1N1 flu HIV COVID-19
What are hyaluronidase, collagenase, produced by microbes examples of? hemolysins adhesive factor exotoxins exoenzymes
exoenzymes
The ability of the microbe to cause disease is known as ________________________. inflammation virulence pathogenicity infection
pathogenicity
The ability of the microbe to cause disease is known as ________________________. virulence infection inflammation pathogenicity
pathogenicity
What is the excessive number of bacterial toxins in the blood known as? septicemia toxemia viremia bacteremia
toxemia
