Ch. 15 - Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System
Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the ANS? a: III b: IV c: V d: VII e: IX f: X g: XII A. a, d, e, f B. b, c, d, e C. a, c, d, g D. c, d, f, g E. b, e, f, g
A. a, d, e, f (3, 7, 9, 10)
Stimulation of B2 receptors in the lung causes: A. bronchoconstriction. B. bronchodilation.
B. bronchodilation.
Which system contains short preganglionic axons that branch extensively? A. Parasympathetic nervous system B. Somatic nervous system C. Sympathetic nervous system
C. Sympathetic nervous system
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the: A. dorsal horns of the craniosacral brain and spinal cord. B. ventral horns of the cervical and sacral spinal cord. C. dorsal horns of the thoracolumbar spinal segments. D. lateral horns of the thoracolumbar spinal segments. E. ventral horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal segments.
D. lateral horns of the thoracolumbar spinal segments.
The sympathetic division pathway that results in innervation of the pelvic organs has as its spinal cord segment origin in: A. T1-T2. B. T1-L2. C. T1-T4. D. T5-T12. E. T10-L2.
E. T10-L2.
What systems are only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system? Check all that apply. A. Most blood vessels B. Sweat glands in the trunk C. Arrector pili muscles in the skin D. Bronchioles in the lungs
A, B, C
Select all of the changes that occur upon sympathetic stimulation. A. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels to salivary glands, resulting in thick, viscous saliva B. Contraction of smooth muscle in the GI tract wall C. Relaxation of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder wall and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter D. Stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas
A, C
Which may be involved in an autonomic reflex? A. Cardiac muscle contraction B. Smooth muscle contraction C. Secretion by glands D. All of the choices are correct E. None of the choices is correct
D. All of the choices are correct
The sympathetic trunk ganglia are primarily composed of: A. axons of preganglionic neurons. B. axons of postganglionic neurons. C. somas of preganglionic neurons. D. somas of ganglionic neurons.
D. somas of ganglionic neurons.
Select all that are locations where neurons in the enteric nervous system can be found. A. Submucosal plexus B. Myenteric plexus C. Cardiac plexus D. Hypogastric plexus
A, B
Select all that are examples of how autonomic reflexes help maintain homeostasis A. Decrease blood pressure B. Emptying of the bladder C. Initiating defecation D. Preventing overstretching of skeletal muscles
A, B, C
You pull out of the school parking lot and almost enter the road in front of an oncoming truck. For the next several minutes, you experience an increase in your breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure, and vision sensitivity. What aspect of the sympathetic division is this attributed to? Check all that apply. A. Mass activation B. One axon innervates one effector, called the "leader" effector C. Increased output from the vagus nerves D. Numerous axons cause an effect in many effector organs
A, B, D
Select all that occur with increased sympathetic stimulation A. Release of insulin from the pancreas B. Contraction of the gallbladder, resulting in bile release C. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels serving the skin D. Vasodilation of blood vessels serving skeletal muscles
A, C, D
The centers for cardiac, digestive, and vasomotor functions are housed within the: A. brainstem. B. hypothalamus. C. spinal cord. D. cerebral cortex. E. cerebellum.
A. Brainstem
Which is not characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? A. Long postganglionic axons B. Long preganglionic axons C. No rami communicantes D. Terminal ganglia close to the target organ E. Craniosacral preganglionic neuron cell bodies
A. Long postganglionic axons
Which division functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients? A. Parasympathetic B. Somatic C. Sympathetic
A. Parasympathetic
Which system has long preganglionic axons and therefore ganglia that are relatively far from the central nervous system? A. Parasympathetic nervous system B. Somatic nervous system C. Sympathetic nervous system
A. Parasympathetic nervous system
Which of the following is an example of a system or function only controlled by the sympathetic nervous system? A. The adrenal medulla B. Pupil size C. Heart rate D. The digestive (GI) tract
A. The adrenal medulla
The micturition autonomic reflex is associated with what organ? A. Urinary bladder B. Heart C. Stomach D. Large intestine
A. Urinary bladder
The sympathetic postganglionic axons from the superior cervical ganglion innervate: a: Sweat glands in the head b: Sweat glands in the palms c: Smooth muscle of blood vessels in the head d: Smooth muscles of blood vessels in the antebrachial region e: Superior tarsal muscle of the eye f: Submandibular salivary gland A. a, c, e B. b, d, f C. a, c, f D. d, e, f E. b, d
A. a, c, e
Which statements are correct concerning the sympathetic division of the ANS? a: Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 regions. b: Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in brainstem nuclei. c: It is associated with the oculomotor and facial nerves. d: It participates in the "fight-or-flight" response. e: Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the sacral region of the spinal cord. A. a, d B. a, c, d, e C. b, c, e D. b, d E. a, b, d
A. a, d
Which statements are correct concerning the parasympathetic division of the ANS? a: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in brainstem nuclei b: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 regions c: Participates in the "fight-or-flight" response d: Helps maintain homeostasis e: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in the sacral region of the spinal cord A. a, d, e B. a, c, e C. b, c, d D. b, c E. c, d, e
A. a, d, e
The type of adrenergic receptor found on the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels in the skin is: A. a1 B. a2 C. b1 D. b2
A. a1
Preganglionic axons of the ANS release: A. acetylcholine. B. norepinephrine. C. either acetylcholine or norepinephrine.
A. acetylcholine
Muscarinic receptors are proteins that bind the neurotransmitter: A. acetylcholine. B. epinephrine. C. norepinephrine.
A. acetylcholine.
A rise in blood pressure causes a reflexive: A. activation of the parasympathetic system and inhibition of the sympathetic system. B. activation of the sympathetic system and inhibition of the parasympathetic system. C. activation of both the parasympathetic system the sympathetic system. D. inhibition of both the parasympathetic system and the sympathetic system.
A. activation of the parasympathetic system and inhibition of the sympathetic system.
When norepinephrine is released from varicosities of postganglionic neurons, its targets are: A. adrenergic receptors on effectors such as smooth muscle. B. adrenergic receptors on preganglionic sympathetic neurons. C. cholinergic receptors on effectors such as cardiac muscle. D. cholinergic receptors on preganglionic sympathetic neurons.
A. adrenergic receptors on effectors such as smooth muscle.
When Ach binds to nicotinic receptors it: A. always produces an excitatory response. B. always produces an inhibitory response. C. sometimes excites and sometimes inhibits the target cell depending on the subtype of receptor. D. sometimes excites and sometimes inhibits the target cell depending on the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell.
A. always produces an excitatory response.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have _________ effects on heart rate. A. antagonistic B. cooperative C. synergistic D. negligible
A. antagonistic
We lack awareness of many of our bodies' systems for maintaining homeostasis. The sensations, movements, and secretions of organs such as the heart and intestines are governed by the: A. autonomic nervous system. B. somatic nervous system.
A. autonomic nervous system.
Many different sources can stimulate an autonomic ganglion cell simultaneously due to: A. convergence. B. reciprocity. C. divergence. D. reverberation.
A. convergence.
The cardiac sphincter is innervated by parasympathetic axons coming from the _______ plexus. A. esophageal B. abdominal aortic C. pulmonary D. hypogastric E. cardiac
A. esophageal
Activation of parasympathetic fibers in pelvic splanchnic nerves leads to: A. increased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract. B. decreased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract. C. no effect on the digestive tract.
A. increased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract.
When neurotransmitter binds to muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract: A. motility increases. B. motility decreases.
A. motility increases.
The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the: A. parotid salivary gland. B. large intestine. C. lacrimal gland. D. sublingual salivary gland. E. ciliary muscle.
A. parotid salivary gland.
The first of the two ANS motor neurons is the ______ neuron. A. preganglionic B. postganglionic C. posterior D. terminal E. primary
A. preganglionic
Typically, alpha adrenergic receptors have: A. stimulatory effects. B. inhibitory effects.
A. stimulatory effects.
A structure that is said to resemble a pearl necklace is a: A. sympathetic trunk. B. parasympathetic trunk. C. parasympathetic ganglion. D. splanchnic ganglion.
A. sympathetic trunk.
The autonomic nervous system has ___________ lower motor neuron(s) in each pathway. A. two B. one C. three D. four
A. two
There are ________ prevertebral ganglia. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 12
B. 3
Which sympathetic pathway involves only a preganglionic axon going to the effector organ? A. Splanchnic nerve pathway B. Adrenal medulla pathway C. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway D. Spinal nerve pathway E. None of these answers involve only a sympathetic preganglionic axon
B. Adrenal medulla pathway
Which of the following terms describes axons from many preganglionic cells synapsing on a single ganglionic cell? A. Ganglionic divergence B. Neuronal convergence C. Neuronal divergence D. Ganglionic communication
B. Neuronal convergence
Which is not an effector innervated by the autonomic nervous system? A. Smooth muscle B. Skeletal muscle C. Cardiac muscle D. None of the choices is correct. E. Glands
B. Skeletal muscle
Which division functions to increase alertness and direct bodily responses in stressful situations? A. Parasympathetic B. Sympathetic
B. Sympathetic
Which type of innervation causes pupil dilation? A. Parasympathetic B. Sympathetic
B. Sympathetic
Which type of innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract? A. Parasympathetic B. Sympathetic
B. Sympathetic
Which type of innervation causes the heart rate to increase? A. Parasympathetic B. Sympathetic
B. Sympathetic
Which system has more divergence of preganglionic axons? A. Parasympathetic division B. Sympathetic division
B. Sympathetic division
Which system engages in mass activation? A. Parasympathetic nervous system B. Sympathetic nervous system
B. Sympathetic nervous system
Which statement accurately compares the motor systems of the somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS)? A. Both the SNS and ANS house their motor neurons in ganglia. B. The SNS does not have ganglia for its motor neurons but the ANS does. C. The ANS does not have ganglia for its motor neurons but the SNS does. D. Neither the SNS nor the ANS house their motor neurons in ganglia.
B. The SNS does not have ganglia for its motor neurons but the ANS does.
Nicotinic receptors bind: A. acetylcholine and allow chloride ions to exit the cell. B. acetylcholine and allow sodium ions to enter the cell. C. muscarine and increase the contractility of intestinal muscle. D. norepinephrine and can either stimulate or inhibit the cell. E. norepinephrine and allow potassium entry, thereby exciting the cell.
B. acetylcholine and allow sodium ions to enter the cell.
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system: A. use preganglionic and postganglionic neurons to innervate skeletal muscle. B. contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons. C. are voluntary. D. are composed of PNS structures only. E. function only during sleep.
B. contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons.
The micturition reflex results in: A. vigorous contraction of the smooth muscle of the large intestine and relaxation of anal sphincters. B. contraction of smooth muscle in the bladder and relaxation of urinary sphincters. C. a decrease in blood pressure due to a slowing of heart rate. D. retention of urine and feces by relaxing some muscles and contracting others.
B. contraction of smooth muscle in the bladder and relaxation of urinary sphincters.
Catecholamines include: A. acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. B. dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. C. acetylcholine, epinephrine, and dopamine. D. epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and all monoamines.
B. dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
Activation of parasympathetic fibers in pelvic splanchnic nerves leads to: A. inhibition of urinary bladder contractions. B. erection of the male penis and female clitoris. C. decreased secretions in the digestive tract. D. an increase in the heart rate. E. decreased secretion of adrenaline from the adrenal glands.
B. erection of the male penis and female clitoris.
Limited branching of preganglionic axons allows for: A. mass activation. B. local and discrete activation. C. rapid changes in numerous structures at once.
B. local and discrete activation.
Specific prevertebral ganglia are named after the A. effector organ stimulated by the postganglionic axon. B. major abdominal arteries around which they are found. C. vertebra from under which the preganglionic axon travels. D. distance from the corresponding parasympathetic ganglion. E. early anatomist who discovered and described them.
B. major abdominal arteries around which they are found.
Sweat glands and arrector pili muscles are controlled: A. only by the parasympathetic nervous system. B. only by the sympathetic nervous system. C. by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. D. by both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems
B. only by the sympathetic nervous system.
Sympathetic splanchnic nerves are composed of: A. preganglionic sympathetic axons that synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion. B. preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion. C. postganglionic sympathetic axons that synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion. D. postganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion. E. none of the choices is correct.
B. preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.
Motor neurons of the nervous system contain more rapidly conducting axons. A. autonomic B. somatic
B. somatic
Observing beautiful scenery involves the: A. autonomic nervous system. B. somatic motor system.
B. somatic motor system.
The knee jerk reflex (when the quadriceps muscles contract after the patellar tendon is tapped) is the work of the: A. autonomic nervous system. B. somatic nervous system.
B. somatic nervous system.
Postganglionic axons are: A. myelinated. B. unmyelinated. C. sometimes myelinated and sometimes unmyelinated.
B. unmyelinated.
Match the following adrenergic receptors with organs affected by each receptor. 1. α2 2. β1 3. α1 4. β2 Blood vessels (skin) Pancreas Heart Blood vessels (heart)
Blood vessels (skin) - α1 Pancreas - α2 Heart - β1 Blood vessels (heart) - β2
In the heart, activation of these receptors increases heart rate. A. a1 B. a2 C. B1 D. B2
C. B1
How does the urinary bladder respond to the micturition reflex? A. Relaxation of the internal anal sphincter B. Contraction of the urinary sphincters C. Contraction of its wall D. Relaxation of its wall
C. Contraction of its wall
From which part of the CNS do parasympathetic preganglionic axons of CN VII emerge? A. Mesencephalon B. Cerebral cortex C. Pons D. Lateral horns of the S1 spinal cord segment E. Lateral horns of the T1 spinal cord segment
C. Pons
Which sympathetic pathway involves a preganglionic neuron that synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion, but the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus? A. Splanchnic nerve pathway B. Adrenal medulla pathway C. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway D. Spinal nerve pathway E. None of the choices is correct
C. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
Which sympathetic pathway is responsible for activating the esophagus, heart, lungs, and thoracic blood vessels? A. Splanchnic nerve pathway B. Adrenal medulla pathway C. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway D. Spinal nerve pathway E. None of the choices is correct
C. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
Which is not true about the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? A. The ANS is part of both the CNS and the PNS. B. ANS functions are involuntary. C. The ANS does not use sensory neurons. D. ANS motor neurons innervate cardiac muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers, and glands. E. ANS motor pathways always include two neurons.
C. The ANS does not use sensory neurons.
Tear secretions are governed by parasympathetic fibers within which cranial nerve? A. III B. V C. VII D. IX E. X
C. VII
The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that are controlled by pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate: a: Large intestine b: Reproductive organs c: Salivary glands d: Pupillary constrictor muscles e: Urinary bladder f: Ureters A. a, d, e B. b, c, e C. a, b, e, f D. c, d, f E. a, c
C. a, b, e, f
Gray rami from the sympathetic trunk connect to: A. alternating spinal nerves. B. the cranial nerves. C. all spinal nerves. D. the sympathetic trunk.
C. all spinal nerves.
Prevertebral ganglia are located: A. posterior to the vertebral column. B. lateral to the vertebral column. C. anterior to the vertebral column. D. at the termination site of the postganglionic axon. E. medial to the dorsal spinal columns.
C. anterior to the vertebral column.
Motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system: A. always excite effector organs. B. always inhibit effector organs. C. can either excite or inhibit effector organs. D. do not excite effector organs but monitor their status of activity.
C. can either excite or inhibit effector organs.
The circuitry of the autonomic system allows for control in activation. The characteristic that allows a small number of preganglionic cells to stimulate a large number of postganglionic cells is: A. convergence. B. reverberation. C. divergence. D. reciprocal innervation.
C. divergence.
Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve by the: A. white rami communicantes. B. superior cervical ganglion. C. gray rami communicantes. D. splanchnic nerves. E. pterygopalatine ganglion.
C. gray rami communicantes.
The sympathetic trunks are located: A. superior to the brachial plexus. B. inferior to the sacral plexus. C. immediately lateral to the vertebral column. D. lateral to prevertebral ganglia. E. in the craniosacral regions
C. immediately lateral to the vertebral column
The prevertebral ganglion that receives axons that originate in the L1-L2 segments of the spinal cord is the _____ ganglion. A. celiac B. superior mesenteric C. inferior mesenteric D. splenic E. hepatic
C. inferior mesenteric
Dual innervation means that an individual effector: A. may be excited or inhibited by a single division of the autonomic nervous system. B. receives input from both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. C. receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. D. receives two autonomic axons on each smooth muscle cell.
C. receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The parasympathetic autonomic responses associated with defecation and urination are processed and controlled at the level of the: A. brainstem. B. hypothalamus. C. spinal cord. D. cerebellum. E. limbic center.
C. spinal cord.
The "fight-or-flight" system is the __________ nervous system. A. parasympathetic B. somatic C. sympathetic
C. sympathetic
Autonomic tone refers to: A. whether a response is stimulatory or inhibitory. B. whether the body's reaction is to fight or to flee. C. the continual activity maintained by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. D. the degree of tension in skeletal muscles at rest.
C. the continual activity maintained by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Dual innervation by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS imparts what function to the organ? A. Autonomic tone B. Total antagonistic effect C. Total cooperative effect D. Antagonistic or cooperative effects
D. Antagonistic or cooperative effects
The CN having multiple terminal and intramural ganglia is: A. CN III. B. CN VII. C. CN IX. D. CN X. E. CN XII.
D. CN X.
Which autonomic plexus innervates viscera within the pelvic region? A. Esophageal plexus B. Pulmonary plexus C. Abdominal aortic plexus D. Hypogastric plexus E. Cardiac plexus
D. Hypogastric plexus
The arrector pili muscles receive their sympathetic innervation via the: A. splanchnic nerve pathway. B. adrenal medulla pathway. C. postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway. D. spinal nerve pathway. E. None of the choices is correct.
D. Spinal nerve pathway
When ACh binds to nicotinic receptors, it A. sometimes excites and sometimes inhibits the target cell depending on the subtype ofreceptor. B. sometimes excites and sometimes inhibits the target cell depending on the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell. C. always produces an inhibitory response. D. always produces an excitatory response.
D. always produces an excitatory response.
Once inside the sympathetic trunk, the sympathetic preganglionic axons: A. remain at the level of entry. B. travel superiorly. C. travel inferiorly. D. follow any of the routes listed.
D. follow any of the routes listed.
The preganglionic axons of CN VII extend to the: A. pterygopalatine ganglion. B. submandibular ganglion. C. otic ganglion. D. pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia. E. pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia.
D. pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia.
Consider a basketball player whose heart is racing during the final moments of a game. With seconds on the clock, she makes a jump shot. Her excitement is a function of her ________ nervous system, and her movements are a function of her _______ nervous system. A. parasympathetic, sympathetic B. sympathetic, parasympathetic C. somatic, sympathetic D. sympathetic, somatic E. somatic, parasympathetic
D. sympathetic, somatic
The sympathetic division of the ANS has A. long postganglionic axons. B. norepinephrine as a transmitter substance. C. preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord. D. Two of the choices are correct. E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.
The CN that supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs is: A. CN II. B. CN III. C. CN VI. D. CN IX. E. CN X.
E. CN X.
Which autonomic plexus consists of postganglionic sympathetic axons that come off the cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia, as well as preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve? A. Esophageal plexus B. Pulmonary plexus C. Abdominal aortic plexus D. Hypogastric plexus E. Cardiac plexus
E. Cardiac plexus (Cardiac, esophageal, pulmonary)
The superior mesenteric ganglion receives preganglionic sympathetic neurons from the _______ segments of the spinal cord. A. T1-T4 B. T2-T6 C. T5-T9 D. T7-T9 E. T10-T12
E. T10-T12
Which is not true about the somatic nervous system (SNS)? A. The SNS is under voluntary control. B. The SNS uses motor and sensory neurons. C. The SNS innervates skeletal muscle fibers. D. The SNS is part of both the CNS and the PNS. E. The SNS is activated by visceral sensory neurons.
E. The SNS is activated by visceral sensory neurons.
Postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion innervate the: A. stomach. B. spleen. C. liver. D. gallbladder. E. all of the choices are correct.
E. all of the choices are correct.
The postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion innervate: A. the distal half of the duodenum. B. part of the pancreas. C. part of the small intestine. D. the proximal part of the large intestine. E. all of the choices are correct.
E. all of the choices are correct.
The preganglionic axons of CN III extend to the _______ ganglion. A. pterygopalatine B. submandibular C. otic D. pelvic E. ciliary
E. ciliary
In the brain, the ________ is the integration and command center for autonomic functions. A. medulla B. cerebral cortex C. spinal cord D. brainstem E. hypothalamus
E. hypothalamus
The diameter of many blood vessels is controlled exclusively by the ________ nervous system, and decreases in the activity of this system result in _________. A. parasympathetic, vasoconstriction B. parasympathetic, vasodilation C. somatic, vasoconstriction. D. sympathetic, vasoconstriction. E. sympathetic, vasodilation.
E. sympathetic, vasodilation.
In the stress response, the process by which many structures are activated simultaneously is known as ________ activation.
Mass
