CH 15 OCE

Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________.

elevated temp

The subtidal rocky bottom zone along temperate shorelines is dominated by:

kelp

The depth to which a bivalve can bury itself depends on the:

length of its siphon

how do bat stars move

They have hundreds of tube feet that run along the undersides of their arms.

What is an adaptation for organisms living in the upper intertidal zone?

They must be adapted for being out of water for extended periods of time.

Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are:

sulfur-oxidizing archaea.

Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 20% of the surface intensity?

From 20 meters to 50 meters

What do bat stars eat?

They eat detritus, dead and decaying organic material, and seaweed.

How have organisms in the spray zone adapted to the constant threats of predation and drying out?

They have a shell that they can withdraw into.

In the spray zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?

They have hard shells that prevent organisms from drying out.

Giant tubeworms dominate at hydrothermal vents in which of the following oceans?

pacfic

A predatory echinoderm that lives and feeds below the sediment surface is the _________.

sand star

Which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts?

sea anemones

An important predator of mussel beds in the middle tide zone is the _________.

sea star

Which rocky intertidal zone, also called the super tidal zone, is only covered by water during strong storms?

spray zone

Deep-water corals lack the ________ that their shallow-water cousins have.

symbiotic zooxanthellae algae

How does a sea anemone feed?

By entrapping prey items in its stinging tentacles.

what abut kelp forests is true

-Kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast. -The giant kelp Macrocystis can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day.

Coral reefs cover less than ________ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to ________ of all marine species.

0.5%; 25%

The water pressure in the deepest trenches exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level.

1000

Corals need water where the average monthly temperature exceeds ________ Celsius throughout the year.

18

Where on the coral reef structure would you expect to find the largest, strongest coral heads?

20-50 meters water depth

The water pressure at the mid-ocean ridges exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level.

200

Coral reefs contain about ________ as much algal biomass as animal biomass.

3x

Most reef-building corals receive about ________ of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae

90%

Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in making it more difficult for corals to build skeletons?

Acidification

Which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct?

Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product.

When you visit a tidepool and put your finger into a sea anemone, it grabs onto your finger. What is really happening?

It activates stinging barbs that inject neurotoxin into your skin.

What adaptation does the wavy turban snail use for camouflage so that predators can't easily see it?

It has various types of algae and tubeworms growing on its shell.

Why do different bat stars have colors that range from orange to mottled purple?

It helps them to camouflage with the varied colors found in tidepools.

Of the following statements about benthic communities along sediment-covered shores, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

Large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores. Coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores. Gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches.

Which of the following lobsters exhibits a behavior of migrating single file across the sea floor in lines that are several kilometers long?

Panulirus Argus

Scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on Earth emerged from the deep sea?

Serpentinization

What is the purpose of the shells and rocks that are attached to a sea anemone's body?

Shells and rocks prevent the sea anemone from drying out during low tide.

In the lower intertidal zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?

They are well camouflaged so that they can blend in and hide from predators during low tide.

What adaptation gives brittle stars their name?

They can detach their arms to avoid a predator.

In the deep ocean, mud like clay deposits are found on the ________.

abyssal plains and in deep trenches

Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the:

amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth.

Which of the following statements regarding corals and algae is/are true?

anemones fine branching and soft corals echinoderms

The most important members of hydrothermal vent biocommunities are microscopic ________.

archaea

The primary producers in chemosynthetic vent communities are _________.

archaea.

What did local Natives use the wavy turban snail's operculum for?

as money

Which of the following animals feed directly on living kelp?

b) Sea urchins

Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are:

buckshot barnacles and limpets

The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is:

burrowing

What does a blue mussel (California mussel) use to attach to a rock?

byssus threads

Symbiotic archaea that live inside tubeworms can use two different methods to metabolize ________ and can switch back and forth to accommodate fast-changing environmental conditions.

carbon dioxide

In hydrothermal vent ecosystems, tubeworms and giant ________ depend entirely on sulfur-oxidizing archaea that live symbiotically within their tissues.

clams

Which of the following are not a species found in hydrothermal vent biocommunities?

corals

The diversity pattern of reef-building coral observed in today's oceans is related to which of the following?

d) The past positions of the continents

Zooxanthellae are autotrophic marine protists that are found in the living tissues of some simple marine invertebrates such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish. Zooxanthellae are:

dinoflagellates

The zooxanthellae that live within the coral's tissues is a type of ________.

dinoflagelletes

At what water depth are delicate plate corals common?

e) 50-150 meters (164-492 feet)

Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deep-ocean is incorrect?

e) The temperature rarely exceeds 0°C at the deep-ocean floor.

Two dominant organisms commonly found at mid-water levels of the rocky intertidal zone are:

e) goose-necked barnacles and mussels

The crown-of-thorns sea star destroys coral reefs by ________.

eating the coral polyps

In the deep ocean, oozes made of dead planktonic organisms are found on the ________.

flanks of oceanic ridges and rises

What is a sea anemone -- a vicious predatory toxic animal -- carefully disguised as?

flower

The coral in the Florida Keys is currently not suffering from which of the following?

gas bubble

what does not limit coral growth

high concentration of calcium carbonate in the water

The most serious threat to coral reefs are ________.

humans

What happens in the video when the wavy turban's muscular foot is touched?

it retracts its foot into its shell

What does the wavy turban snail use its operculum for?

it uses the operculum to seal off the opening to its shell once it has retracted inside

The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of:

loss of zooxanthellae.

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at a much lower temperature compared to typical black smokers?

lost city

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at much greater pH compared to typical black smokers?

lost city

The common annelid found in a sandy beach environment is the:

lugworm

Organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called:

meiofauna

What intertidal zone do sea anemones typically inhabit?

middle

How have organisms in the spray zone adapted to the constant threats of predation and drying out?

middle tide zone

Organic matter decomposes most slowly in _________.

mud flats

Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity?

mudflat

Which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment?

mudflats

A pronounced layer of which of the following can often be one of the most recognizable features of middle tidal zones along rocky coasts?

mussels

The relationship between the protistan zooxanthellae and the polyps of reef-building corals is best described as a/an:

mutualistic symbiosis.

Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in algae smothering the reefs?

overfishing

Ability to break off body parts and regrow them later is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

predators

Stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

predators

The low-water portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by:

red and brown algae and surf grasses

Which of the following are among the first organisms to colonize a rocky shore?

rock weed

The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is:

space

Which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell?

sea stars

The organism posing the greatest threat to the kelp forest is the _________.

sea urchin

What is another name for the brittle star?

serpent star

Benthic animals inhabiting the rocky intertidal environment consist mostly of _________.

sessile animals, epifauna, and very few infauna

Increased human populations near coral reefs increases the nutrient levels of the reef waters from ________ and farm fertilizers.

sewage

To which of the following animals are acorn barnacles closely related?

shrimp

In a tidepools area such as that shown in the video, what is the correct order of intertidal zones, going from the base of the coastal cliffs into deeper water?

spray zone, upper intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, lower intertidal zone

The intertidal zonation of sediment-covered shores is best developed on a ________ sloping, ________-sand beach.

steeply; coarse

What does a gooseneck barnacle use to attach to a rock?

strong stalk

Which of the following is the most important variable affecting species diversity at similar latitudes on opposite sides of an ocean basin?

temp

organisms in intertidal zones true

the low tide zone holds the greatest number of soft-bodied organisms and marine algae -mussel beds are a common feature of the middle tide zone -the spray zone is where organisms with shells are mostly found

(Intro) The amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on _________.

the productivity of the surface layer above it

what is true of benthic organisms

the vast majority of benthic species live on the continental shelf -high abundances of benthic organisms are found beneath surface waters with high primary productivity -many benthic organisms spend the first part of their lives in the pelagic enviroment

Biocommunities at active hydrothermal vents had up to one ________ times more biomass than the rest of the deep-ocean floor.

thousand

What do mussels, gooseneck barnacles, and acorn barnacles all eat?

tiny microscopic marine organisms that live in seawater

You are vacationing on a beautiful tropical island and want to see a coral reef. Your boat travels down a river estuary and then travels a considerable distance along the coast before any coral is seen. The reason you had to travel so far to see coral is probably that _________.

too much freshwater is flowing in from the river closer to shore

Water warm enough to support coral growth is found primarily in the ________ regions of the oceans.

tropical

Recent studies indicate that the deep biosphere, an environment that exists within the seafloor itself, may account for up to _________ of Earth's total bacterial biomass.

two thirds

How long does it take for a brittle star to regrow an arm?

weeks

The greatest diversity of reef-building corals is found on the ________ side of ocean basins.

west

Reefs grow as far north and south as 35° latitude on the ________ margins of ocean basins.

western