Ch 15 Special Senses

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells? -They are chemoreceptors. -They are unipolar neurons. -They are ciliated. -They have a short life span of about 60 days.

-They are unipolar neurons.

Static equilibrium involves the sensation of linear acceleration as well as changes in head rotation.

-false

As sound levels increase in the spiral organ (of Corti), ________. -inner hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium -inner hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane -outer hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium -outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane

-outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane

Color vision has much greater resolution than night vision (vision that is mostly in shades of gray). Which of the following is the best explanation for why this is so?

A single cone photoreceptor often connects to a single bipolar cell and a single ganglion cell while as many as 100 rods will converge to a single ganglion cell.

Humans can see several thousand shades of color but have cone photoreceptors that are sensitive to only three (perhaps four) wavelengths of light. What is the best explanation for why we see so many colors?

Color perception is achieved by activation of various combinations between the three cone types.

One of the most common results of otitis media. A. Sensorineural deafness B. Tinnitus C. Conduction deafness

Conduction deafness

Which of the following is the best explanation for our perception of color?

Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light.

Damage to the medial rectus muscles would probably affect ________.

Convergence

Select the correct statement about equilibrium

Cristae respond to angular acceleration and deceleration

Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________.

Eye

Ciliary muscles are considered voluntary, skeletal muscle.

False

Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the lens to bend the light less.

False

Sound is generally perceived in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex.

False

The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor.

False

The fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth is called perilymph.

False

The neural layer of the retina prevents excessive scattering of light within the eye.

False

The structure that allows equalization of the pressure in the middle ear with the atmospheric pressure is the external auditory meatus.

False

The bending of light rays is called reflection.

False; refraction

Ordinarily, it is NOT possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea ________.

Has no blood supply

Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx. A. Vestibule B. Otoliths C. Tympanic membrane D. Pharyngotympanic tube

Pharyngotympanic tube

Dancers will use a technique called "spotting" when they perform spins of the body. By holding their head and eyes on a fixed point in front of them as their body spins they reduce the amount of head spinning and this prevents dizziness. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why this works?

Reducing the inertia of head spin will reduce the flow of endolymph that deflects the hair cells of the crista ampullaris

select the correct statement about olfaction

Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain.

Nutrients are delivered and waste products are carried away from the cells of the posterior segment of the eye by blood vessels. However, the cells in the cornea and lens (in the anterior segment) are avascular. Which is the best explanation for how these cells are maintained?

The aqueous humor is continuously replenished and flows from the ciliary process to drain in the scleral venous sinus

A patient has a loss of hearing in only one ear. Which of the following is likely to be a result

The patient will not be able to localize the origin of sounds

A possible side effect of medications such as aspirin. A. Sensorineural deafness B. Tinnitus C. Conduction deafness

Tinnitus

Light passes through the entire thickness of the neural layer of the retina to excite the photoreceptors.

True

Odorants must be volatile to be smelled.

True

Precision of eye movement is due to the fact that extrinsic eye muscle motor units typically innervate 8 to 12 muscle cells and in some cases as few as 2 or 3 muscle cells.

True

The mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and is reflected over the anterior surface of the eyeball is the conjunctiva.

True

The optic disc forms a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball.

True

The structure that allows equalization of the pressure in the middle ear with the atmospheric pressure is the auditory tube.

True

Without a functioning crista ampullaris, the semicircular canals would not function.

True

Separates external acoustic meatus from the middle ear. A. Vestibule B. Otoliths C. Tympanic membrane D. Pharyngotympanic tube

Tympanic membrane

Contains utricle and saccule. A. Vestibule B. Otoliths C. Tympanic membrane D. Pharyngotympanic tube

Vestibule

Detects linear acceleration. A. Vestibule B. Otoliths C. Tympanic membrane D. Pharyngotympanic tube

Vestibule

In a person who is color-blind, which of the following would you most expect to see?

absence of green or red cones in their foveae

Overlap in the visual fields of our eyes ________.

allows us to subconsciously estimate the distance of objects based on the different angles the image strikes our two retinas

The blind spot of the eye is caused by ________.

an absence of photoreceptors where the optic nerve leaves the eye

A perceived increase in the volume of sound is best explained by

an increase in the height of the sound wave

Helps maintain the intraocular pressure; located in the anterior part of the eye.

aqueous humor

Which of the following is the best explanation of why it is difficult to discriminate the color of an object at night?

at night the amount of light entering the eye is insufficient to stimulate the cone cells but is sufficient to stimulate the rod cells

Information from balance receptors goes directly to the ________.

brain stem reflex centers

Which of the following types of receptors are located in the mouth?

chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors

Receptors for hearing are located in the ________.

cochlea

which of the following is true about gustatory receptors?

complete adaptation occurs within about 1 to 5 minutes

Fusing of the ossicles (otosclerosis) results in

conduction deafness

Pinkeye is an infection of the __________ of the eye.

conjuntiva

As light travels through the eye, it passes through several structures or chambers before reaching the retina. Which list below gives those structures in the correct order?

cornea, pupil, anterior chamber, lens, posterior segment

Tom is a 45-year-old male that has lost his ability to hear high frequency sounds. The most likely explanation for this would be

damage to the hair cells near the oval window in the cochlear duct

Sympathetic fibers innervating the iris of the eye cause which response?

dialation

The cornea is actually part of the __________ layer of the eye.

fibrous

Area of greatest visual acuity

fovea centralis

Which pairing of terms is incorrectly related? -frequency of sound waves: number of wavelengths -quality of a sound: frequency of the sound -frequency of sound waves: loudness of the sound -amplitude of a sound: intensity of the sound

frequency of sound waves: loudness of the sound

The cells of the retina in which action potentials are generated are the ________.

ganglion cells

There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves?

ganglion cells

The sensation of loudness or the volume of a sound is detected by ________.

greater movement of the basilar membrane resulting in greater deflection of the hair cells

The receptor membranes of gustatory cells are ________.

gustatory hairs

The ability to clearly see objects at a distance but not close up is properly called ________.

hyperopia

Taste buds are NOT found ________. -in filiform papillae -in fungiform papillae -lining the buccal cavity -in circumvallate papillae

in filiform papillae

The eye muscle that rotates the eye upward and turns the eye laterally is the ________.

inferior oblique

In order to turn the eye straight down, the actions of the __________ muscle(s) is (are) required.

inferior rectus and superior oblique

What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?

iris

The first way station in the visual pathway from the eye, after there has been partial crossover of the fibers in the optic chiasm is the

lateral geniculate body of the thalamus

The structure most responsible for focusing light rays that enter the eye.

lens

The elasticity of the lens decreases with age. This leads to which of the following?

less accommodation of the lenses and difficulty focusing on nearby objects

Labyrinthitis is a medical condition often caused by a viral infection, resulting in swelling and inflammation of the membranous labyrinth. Which of the following symptoms would you most associate with the condition of labyrinthitis?

loss of balance and dizziness

The receptor for static equilibrium is the

macula

Paralysis of which eye muscle would prevent the right eye from looking to the left?

medial rectus

Tinnitus, vertigo, and gradual hearing loss typify the disorder called

meniere's syndrome

Ceruminous glands are ________.

modified apocrine sweat glands

Conscious perception of vision probably reflects activity in the ________.

occipital lobe of the cortex

Most newborns ________.

often use one eye at a time

which of the following types of receptors are replaced throughout adult life?

olfactory receptor cells

Which of the following could NOT be seen as one looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope?

optic chiasm

The first vestiges of eyes in the embryo are called ________.

optic vesicles

An essential part of the maculae involved in static equilibrium is (are) the

otoliths

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the external ear? -pharyngotympanic tube -external acoustic meatus -tympanic membrane -pinna

pharyngotympanic tube

Photoreceptors are modified neurons. However, they differ from most neurons in the fact that ________.

photoreceptors will hyperpolarize when stimulated

Motion sickness seems to

result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs

Match the following: The sensory layer of the eye

retnia

What prevents the eyelids from sticking together when the eyes close?

tarsal gand secretion

The function of the lens of the eye is to allow precise focusing of light on the retina.

true

Theoretically, an individual born without a middle ear would be able to hear by bone conduction with a hearing aid

true

Vitamin A needed by the photoreceptor cells is stored by the cells of the retina pigmented layer.

true

When we move from darkness to bright light, retinal sensitivity is lost, but visual acuity is gained.

true

The visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum fits between ________.

uv and infrared

The only special sense NOT fully functional at birth is the sense of ________

vision

What is the main function of the rods in the eye?

vision in dim light

Select the statement below that is NOT true with regards to the process of light adaptation.

visual acuity is diminished.

Which statement about malnutrition-induced night blindness is most accurate?

vitamin supplements can reverse degenerative damages