ch 16
infants
, not adults, should establish the feeding schedules
one single
It is important that _________ ________ ingredient food be introduced at a time
honey
______ and corn syrup should not be fed to infants younger than 1 year of age because they have not yet developed the immunity required to resist botulism spore development
bottle
______ heating is not recommended because of the risk of burns from formula that is too hot or unevenly heated
human milk
________ is unquestionably the food for choice for the infant
tablespoon
a ______________ of each food for each year of age is a good guide for serving size
immediately
a mother should be encouraged to nurse her infant _________ after birth
cow; 0.3
after tooth eruption it is recommended that fluridated water be offered several times per day to breast-fed infants, those who receive ______ milk, and those fed formulas made with that contains less than_____ mg fluoride/L
bottles
all equipment, including _____, nipples, mixers, and the top of the can of formula should be washed thoroughly
1/3
at 1 year, infants eat ______ the amount an adult normally consumes
4-6; 6-9
at _____ months of age, infants who are fed only human milk are at risk for developing a negative iron balance and may deplete their reserves by ____ months
feed themselves
at the beginning of a meal, children are hungry and should be allowed to __________
lysozymes
bacteriolytic enzymes that destroy cell membranes of bacteria after the peroxides and ascorbic acid that are present in human milk have inactivated them
water imbalance
because the renal concentrating capacity of young infants may be less than that of older children and adults, they may be vulnerable to developing a ______ _________
munching
between 4-6 months of age, when the mature sucking movement is refined and _____________ movements begin, the introduction of strained foods is appropriate
reduce; finicky
between 9 and 18 months of age most _____ their breast-milk or formula intake. they can become _______ about what and how much they eat
clostridium botulinum; toxin
botulism in infancy is caused by the ingestion of _____ ______ spores, which germinate and produce toxin in the _____ lumen
vit d; iron
breast fed infants need an additional _________ supplementation shortly after birth and _________ at 4 months of age
2/3
breast fed infants retain ____ of their calcium intake
3 months
breastfeeding must be maintained until the infant is at least ________ of age to obtain the benefit of protecting the infant's immature gut from infection
4 hours
by 4 weeks of age most feed __________
nutrient level
by law, infant formulas are required to have a _____ ________ that is consistent with these guidelines
forced to eat
children should not be ________________; instead the cause for the unwillingness to eat should be determined
supplements
commercially prepared infant formulas are fortified with all necessary vitamins; therefore formula-fed infants rarely need ________
iron
cow's milk is a poor source of ____ and should not be given before 12 months of age
blood loss
cows milk may cause a small amount of gastrointestinal _______ ________
6
currently fluoride supplementation is not recommended for infants younger than ____ months of age
lactoferrin
deprives bacteria of iron and thus slows their growth
4-6 month old satiety behaviors
distracted, turn head, bite nipple, decrease sucking, obstructs mouth with hands
sugar
early childhood carries are common among infants and children who are allowed to bathe their teeth in _____ throughout the day and night
1-3 month old satiety behaviors
fall asleep, turn head away, set lips, decrease sucking, pursed lips
grapes, hot dogs, breads with butters
foods with skins or rinds and foods that stick to roof of math and cause choking
rickets; 1000
for the prevention of _______ and vitamin D deficiency, the AAP recommends a vitamin d supplement for all breast-fed infants and for formula-fed infants who consume less than ______ ml/day of vitamin d fortified formula
iron
full-term infants are considered to have adequate stores of _____ for growth up to a doubling of their birth weight
energy
full-term infants who are breast-fed to satiety and infants who are fed a standard 20-kcal/oz formula generally adjust their intake to meet their _____needs when caregivers are sensitive to the infant's hunger and satiety cues
water
home prepared food are generally more concentrated in nutrients than commercially prepared foods because less _____ is used
Colustrum
human milk and ________ contain antibodies and anti-infective factors that are not present in infant formulas
linoleum, alpha-linolenic acid
human milk contains a generous amount of the essential fatty acids _____ acid and ________
fluoride
human milk has a very low _______ content
comment
if a child refuses to eat, the family meal should be completed without ---------- and the plate should be removed
simple and uncomplicated
in general, children prefer _________________
yogurt; human milk
in the last 6 months of the first year, diets of infants should be supplemented with additional sources of high quality protein such as _______, strained meats, or cereal mixed with formula or _______
clean
infant formulas should be prepared in a ______ environment
7%
infants lose about _____ of their body weight during the first few days of life
protein
infants may not receive adequate _____ if their formula is excessively diluted for a long period of time
4-6; 1
infants usually double their birth weight by ____ months of age and triple it by the age of ____
iron; sodium
infants who are fed whole cow's milk have been found to have lower intakes of _______, linoleum acid, and vitamin E and excessive intake of _______, potassium and protein
2-3
initially infants should be fed every _______ hours
4-6 months
iron in human milk is highly bioavailable; however, breast-fed and formula-fed infants should receive an additional source of iron by _____ of age
4-6
juice should be limited to ____________ oz/day for infants and young children and offered to children only a cup
lag-down growth
larger infants at birth who are genetically determined to be smaller grow at their fetal rate several months and often do not reach their growth channel until 13 months of age; this is called
12; protein; essential fatty acids
low fat and non fat mil are also inappropriate for infants during the first ______ months of life due to the excessive amount of _______ and decreased amount of __________________
cup; 18-24
many infants begin the process of weaning with the introduction of the _____ at 6-9 months of age and complete the process when the are able to ingest an adequate amount of milk from a cup at ______ months of age
catch-up growth
many infants born at or below the tenth percentile for length may not reach their genetically appropriate growth channel until 1 year of age; this is called
vit k
many states require that infants receive an injection of ______ as a prophylactic measure while they are in the nursery
vit b12
milk from lactating mothers who follow a strict vegan diet may be _____ deficient
growth channel
most infants who are genetically determined to be larger reach their _________a curve of weight and length of height gain through the period of growth, between 3 and 6 months
2-7 days
new foods should be introduced at _____ intervals
zinc
newborn infants are immediately dependent on a dietary source of ____, which is better absorbed from human milk than from infant formula
1st
older infants generally reject unfamiliar foods the _____ time they are offered
lactobacillus bifida
produces an acidic GI environment that interferes with the growth of certain pathogenic organisms
higher
protein requirements during the rapid growth of infancy are ____ per kg of weight than those for adults or older children
iron
ready to serve dry infant cereals are fortified with electrolytically reduced _____ for improved absorption
held and cuddled
regardless of whether infants are breast fed or formula fed they should be _______________ during feedings
sugar
salt and _____ should not be added to foods prepared for infants
visual; psychomotor
some studies suggest DHA and ARA benefit _____ acuity and _____ development of an infant
children in veg. families and children with galactosemia
soy products designed to meet all nutrient needs are recommended for ______________________ and ___________________
6; 12
the ADA and the AAP support exclusive breast-feeding for the first _____ months of life and breast feeding supplemented by weaning foods for at least _____ months
6
the amount of protein in human milk is adequate for the first ______ months of the infant's life even though the amount or protein in human milk is considerably less than in infant formula
30
the current recommendation for infants younger than 1 year of age is to consume a minimum of _____ of fat per day
FDA
the manufacture of infant formulas is regulated by the _____ through the infant formula act
renal solute load
the much higher protein and ash content of cow's milk results in a higher ______ or amount of nitrogenous waste and minerals that must be excreted by the kidney
secretly immunoglobin
the predominant immunoglobulin in human milk, plays a role in protecting the infant's immature gut from infection
0.7;0.8
the recommended total water intake for infants, based on the DRIs, is ______ L/day for infants up to 6 months and _____ L/day for infants 7 to 12 months of age
10-20; 200
the stomach capacity of infants increases from a range of _____ at birth to _____ ml by 1 year, enabling infants to consume more food at a given time and at less frequent intervals as they grow older
7th-10th days
their birth weight is usually gained by the ________
without
to promote dental health, infants should be fed and burped and then put to bed ________ milk, juice, or food
K
vitamin ____ deficiency may result in bleeding or hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
rickets
vitamin d deficiency; softening bones, bow legs
formula
water imbalance can be caused by boiling ________ vomiting and diarrhea
family table
young children should eat their meals at the _____ ________
