Ch. 16 - Endocrine System

The "hormone response element" is located on the cell: A. DNA B. enzymes C. RNA D. membrane

A DNA

Match the following hormones with their functions. A. Gonadotropins B. Glucocorticoids C. Mineralocorticoids D. Androgens 1. Regulate functions of gonads in both sexes 2. Increase blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids during stress 3. Produce masculinizing effects when produced in large quantities 4. Regulate Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys and thereby regulates other electrolyte levels

A-1; B-2; C-4; D-3

Match the following hormones with the appropriate category of hormones. A. Cortisol B. FSH and LH C. Androgens D. Aldosterone 1. Gonadotropins 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Gonadocorticoids 4. Mineralocorticoids

A-2; B-1; C-3; D-4

Match the following tissues with the hormones they produce. A. Skin B. Adipose tissue C. Kidney D. Stomach E. Duodenum of small intestine 1. Leptin 2. Cholecalciferol 3. Erythropoietin 4. Cholecystokinin 5. Gastrin

A-2; B-1; C-3; D-5; E-4

Which of the following is not one of the areas in which thyroid hormone (TH) plays an important role? A. Regulating tissue growth and development B. Normal skeletal and nervous system development and maturation C. Helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload D. Maintaining blood pressure

C. Helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload

Which of the following organs is considered a neuroendocrine organ? A. Pancreas B. Adrenal gland C. Hypothalamus D. Pituitary

C. Hypothalamus

Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ, but produces hormones in addition to its major function? A. Pituitary B. Pancreas C. Kidneys D. Thymus

C. Kidneys

The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the _________ system. A. circulatory B. Reproductive C. Nervous D. Digestive

C. Nervous

In which of the following mechanisms of hormone action do intracellular calcium ions act as a final mediator? A. DAG B. cGMP C. PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism D. cAMP

C. PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances results from hyposecretion of growth hormone? A. Gigantism B. Acromegaly C. Pituitary dwarfism D. Elephantiasis

C. Pituitary dwarfism

Which of the following occurs within a negative feedback system? A. As hormone levels decrease, hormone release is promoted. B. As hormone levels decrease, hormone release is inhibited. C. Target organ effects inhibit further hormone release. D. As hormone levels rise, hormone release is promoted.

C. Target organ effects inhibit further hormone release.

Somatostatin is considered paracrine because it acts on: A. the cells that secrete it. B. distant target organs. C. cells other than those that secrete it. D. the hypothalamus to inhibit or activate the secretion of other hormones.

C. cells other than those that secrete it.

Hypersecretion of ADH can occur in all of the following situations, except: A. after neurosurgery. B. ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer. C. damage to the pineal gland. D. after general anesthesia.

C. damage to the pineal gland.

Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by: A. an increase in ADH. B. an increase in the growth hormone in an adult. C. an increase in calcitonin. D. an increase in the parathyroid hormone.

D. an increase in the parathyroid hormone.

Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by: A. activating cyclic AMP located outside the cell. B. activating cyclic AMP located inside the cell. C. using calcium ions as a second-messenger. D. binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex. E. changing the permeability of the cell membrane.

D. binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex.

A congenital condition that includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size, and a thick tongue and neck is caused by: A. insulin deficiency. B. deficiency of thymosin. C. excess of synthetic growth hormone. D. deficiency of thyroxin.

D. deficiency of thyroxin.

Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest: A. activation time. B. molecule C. chain of amino acids. D. half-life

D. half-life

Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they: A. are lipid in nature B. mediate inflammatory reactions C. don't have target organs D. act locally, not on distal organs as do true hormones

D. they act locally, not on distal organs as do true hormones

The binding of a hormone to its "hormone response element" would lead to the: A. direct activation of second-messenger agents in the cell. B. direct activation of enzymes in the cell. C. formation of cAMP. D. transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event

D. transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event

Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone? A. Zinc B. Copper C. Sulfur D. Iron E. Iodine

E. Iodine

The chemical classification of hormones does NOT include: A. steroid hormones. B. protein-based hormones. C. amino acid-based hormones. D. cholesterol-containing hormones. E. glucose-containing hormones.

E. glucose-containing hormones.

TRUE or FALSE: A hormone that exhibits antagonism will increase the action of another hormone.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: A hormone will affect all cells of the body.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Autocrines are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Drinking alcoholic beverages decreases urine output because it causes increased activity by ADH.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: FSH and LH cause the maturation of the follicle cells of the thyroid gland.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Hormones are chemical substances secreted into synapses by neurons.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Local hormones are secreted into the blood to travel to their destinations.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: The anterior pituitary is known as the "master endocrine gland" because it controls the hypothalamus.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: The destruction of beta cells of the pancreas is an autoimmune condition characteristic of adult onset diabetes.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: The secretion of melatonin follows a night-day cycle, becoming low at night and high during daylight.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: The synthesis and release of most hormones are regulated by a positive-feedback system.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Thymic hormones are involved in calcium regulation.

FALSE

Define "hormones"

Long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body.

Define "paracrines"

Paracrines act locally (within the same tissue) but affect cell types other than those releasing the paracrine chemicals.

TRUE or FALSE: Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Hormones are "long-distance" chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Hormones may communicate with their target cells by binding to an extracellular receptor.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Hormones may communicate with their target cells by direct gene activation.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Hormones that are derived from cholesterol are called steroids.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Most hormones can be classified chemically as either amino-acid based or steroids.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Sympathetic nerve stimulation causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: The hormones of the thymus gland are essential in the formation of immune cells.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: The hypothalamus regulates activity of the pituitary gland.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: The pancreas is considered both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: The skin, the heart, and the kidneys contain cells or tissues that produce hormones.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: The target tissues for oxytocin are the smooth muscle cells of the uterus and the myoepithelial cells of the mammary glands.

TRUE

Some researchers add a 3rd class of hormones, ______, which contains leukotrienes and prostaglandins

eicosanoids

Of the hormones produced by the major endocrine organs, only ______ and ______ hormones are steroids.

gonadal and adrenocortical

What are the 3 plasma membrane components involved in the Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism?

a hormone receptor, a G protein, and an effector enzyme (adenylate cyclase)

Nearly all hormones can be classified as either:

Amino acid based or steroids

POMC is a prohormone for: A. thyroxin B. ACTH C. insulin D. growth hormone.

B. ACTH

Steroids are synthesized from: A. proteins. B. cholesterol. C. amino acids. D. peptides.

B. Cholesterol

The stimulus for producing insulin is: A. Low blood glucose concentration B. High blood glucose concentratino C. Low glycogen concentration D. Low blood amino acid concentration E. Low blood fatty acid concentration

B. High blood glucose concentration

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of: A. Hormonal stimuli B. Humoral stimuli C. Hypothalamic stimuli D. Neural stimuli E. Pituitary gland stimuli

B. Humoral stimuli

Which of the following conditions, if left untreated, progresses to respiratory paralysis and death? A. Hyperparathyroidism B. Hypoparathyroidism C. Hypothyroidism D. Hyperthyroidism

B. Hypoparathyroidism

As blood levels of ___________ rise, the expulsive contractions of labor gain momentum and finally end in birth. A. prolactin B. oxytocin C. follicle-stimulating hormone D. gonadotropins

B. Oxytocin

Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid? A. Endocrine B. Paracrine C. Autocrine D. Neural

B. Paracrine

The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by: A. ACTH B. TH C. TSH D. FSH E. ADH

B. TH

Which of the following is NOT a true hormone, but, rather, a trophic substance? A. Glucagon B. TSH C. Aldosterone D. Calcitonin E. Thyroid hormone

B. TSH

How do protein kinases affect enzymes? A. They increase the release of an enzyme. B. They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme C. They break down the enzyme. D. They increase the secretion of an enzyme.

B. They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme

The cells found within the parathyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone are called _______. A. parafollicular cells B. chief cells C. follicle cells D. oxyphil cells

B. chief cells

Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the release of: A. aldosterone B. epinephrine C. insulin D. estrogen E. thyroid hormone.

B. epinephrine

Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by: A. colloid endocytosis. B. peroxidase enzymes. C. lysosomes in the cell. D. the Golgi apparatus.

B. peroxidase enzymes.

Match the following hormones with the site of their release and their function. A. FSH B. TSH C. Oxytocin D. LH E. ADH 1. Released from anterior pituitary; causes thyroid gland to synthesize thyroxine 2. Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen and spermatogenesis in the testes 3. Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovulation and interstitial cells to produce testosterone in the testes 4. Released from posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions 5. Released from posterior pituitary; causes kidneys to conserve water

A-2; B-1; C-4; D-3; E-5

Match each of the following hormones with the condition that would be balanced by that hormone. A. Parathyroid hormone B. ADH C. Aldosterone D. Thyroxine E. Insulin 1. High levels of blood sugar 2. Loss of body fluids 3. Loss of Na+ from extracellular fluids 4. Decrease in body metabolism 5. Decrease in blood Ca2+ levels

A-5; B-2; C-3; D-4; E-1

Match each of the following hormones with its function. A. ADH B. TSH C. Glucagon D. Erythropoietin E. Thyroxine 1. Increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver 2. Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine 3. Increases the metabolic rate 4. Increases red blood cell production 5. Increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules

A. ADH -- 5. Increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules B. TSH -- 2. Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine C. Glucagon -- 1. Increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver D. Erythropoietin -- 4. Increases red blood cell production E. Thyroxine -- 3. Increases the metabolic rate

Match the following hormones with the organ that produces them. A. ADH B. TSH C. Renin D, Glucagon E. Thyroxine 1. Pancreas 2. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) 3. Thyroid gland 4. Kidneys 5. Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A. ADH -- 5. Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) B. TSH -- 2. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) C. Renin -- 4. Kidneys D, Glucagon -- 1. Pancreas E. Thyroxine -- 3. Thyroid gland

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances usually results from deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids? A. Addison's disease B. . Cretinism C. Graves' disease D. Cushing's syndrome

A. Addison's disease

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland? A. Adenoid gland B. Pituitary gland C. Adrenal gland D. Thyroid gland

A. Adenoid Gland

Match the following hormones with the gland (or organ) that produces them. A. Adrenocorticotropic hormones B. Calcitonin C. Glucocorticoids D. Parathyroid hormone E. Epinephrine 1. Thyroid gland 2. Parathyroid glands 3. Pituitary gland 4. Adrenal cortex 5. Adrenal medulla

A. Adrenocorticotropic hormones -- 3. Pituitary gland B. Calcitonin -- 1. Thyroid gland C. Glucocorticoids -- 4. Adrenal cortex D. Parathyroid hormone -- 2. Parathyroid glands E. Epinephrine -- 5. Adrenal medulla

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, the interaction is called _____. A. antagonism B. permissiveness C. organism D. synergism

A. Antagonism

Match the following gland with the hormone it produces (or releases). A. Anterior pituitary B. Adrenal cortex C. Posterior pituitary D. Adrenal medulla E. Pancreas 1. Antidiuretic hormone 2. Growth hormone 3. Insulin 4. Aldosterone 5. Epinephrine

A. Anterior pituitary -- 2. Growth hormone B. Adrenal cortex -- 4. Aldosterone C. Posterior pituitary -- 1. Antidiuretic hormone D. Adrenal medulla -- 5. Epinephrine E. Pancreas -- 3. Insulin

Match the following five hormones with their functions. A. GH B. ADH C. ACTH D. FSH E. TSH 1. Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries 2. Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth 3. Stimulates the adrenal cortex 4. Stimulates the thyroid gland 5. Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine

A. GH -- 2. Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth B. ADH -- 5. Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine C. ACTH -- 3. Stimulates the adrenal cortex D. FSH -- 1. Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries E. TSH -- 4. Stimulates the thyroid gland

Which of the following stimulates most body cells to increase in size and divide? A. Growth hormone B. Pro-opiomelanocortin C. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone D. Tropins

A. Growth hormone

Match each of the following hormones with its function. A. Growth hormone B. Aldosterone C. Epinephrine D. Insulin E. Antidiuretic hormone 1. Causes kidneys to conserve water 2. Stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis 3. Facilitates glucose transport into cells 4. Increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys 5. Increases cell reactions during sympathetic response

A. Growth hormone -- 2. Stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis B. Aldosterone -- 4. Increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys C. Epinephrine -- 5. Increases cell reactions during sympathetic response D. Insulin -- 3. Facilitates glucose transport into cells E. Antidiuretic hormone -- 1. Causes kidneys to conserve water

Match the following hormones with their functions. A. HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) B. Testosterone C. Melatonin D. Atrial natriuretic peptide E. Thymosin 1. Associated with drowsiness at night 2. Associated with sexual maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production 3. Essential for normal immune response 4. Reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys 5. Helps to sustain pregnancy

A. HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) -- 5. Helps to sustain pregnancy B. Testosterone -- 2. Associated with sexual maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production C. Melatonin -- 1. Associated with drowsiness at night D. Atrial natriuretic peptide -- 4. Reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys E. Thymosin -- 3. Essential for normal immune response

Match the structures with the hormones they produce. A. Heart B. Placenta C. Pineal Gland D. Thymus E. Testes 1. Melatonin 2. Testosterone 3. Thymosin 4. Atrial natriuretic peptide 5. HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

A. Heart -- 4. Atrial natriuretic peptide B. Placenta -- 5. HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) C. Pineal Gland -- 1. Melatonin D. Thymus -- 3. Thymosin E. Testes -- 3. Thymosin

Match each of the following control mechanisms with its description. A. Humoral B. Hormonal C. Neural 1. Monitoring blood levels of substances and correct them 2. Axons cause hormone release 3. Hormone release is dependent upon other hormone levels

A. Humoral -- 1. Monitoring blood levels of substances and correct them B. Hormonal -- 3. Hormone release is dependent upon other hormone levels C. Neural -- 2. Axons cause hormone release

Match the following hormones with their functions. A. Leptin B. Gastrin C. Cholecystokinin D. Cholecalciferol E. Erythropoietin 1. Binds to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control 2. Activated by the kidneys to Vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells 3. Stimulates the production of red blood cells 4. Stimulates the release of bile 5. Stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid

A. Leptin -- 1. Binds to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control B. Gastrin -- 5. Stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid C. Cholecystokinin -- 4. Stimulates the release of bile D. Cholecalciferol -- 2. Activated by the kidneys to Vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells E. Erythropoietin -- 3. Stimulates the production of red blood cells

Match the following hormones with their functions. A. Parathyroid hormone B. Oxytocin C. Thyroxine D. Calcitonin E. Prolactin 1. Stimulates milk production 2. Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands 3. Increases metabolic rate 4. Lowers blood Ca2+ levels 5. Raises blood Ca2+ levels

A. Parathyroid hormone -- 5. Raises blood Ca2+ levels B. Oxytocin -- 2. Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands C. Thyroxine -- 3. Increases metabolic rate D. Calcitonin -- 4. Lowers blood Ca2+ levels E. Prolactin -- 1. Stimulates milk production

The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of: A. Steroid hormones B. Amino-acid based hormones C. Catecholamines D. Pituitary gland hormones E. Pancreatic hormones

A. Steroid hormones

Match each of the following homeostatic imbalances with the hormone deficiency (or overproduction). A. Sympathetic nervous system overactivity B. Diabetes insipidus C. Gigantism D. Diabetes mellitus E. Grave's disease 1. Overproduction of GH 2. Insulin deficiency 3. Oversecretion of catecholamines 4. Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone 5. Hyposecretion of ADH

A. Sympathetic nervous system overactivity -- 3. Oversecretion of catecholamines B. Diabetes insipidus -- 5. Hyposecretion of ADH C. Gigantism -- 1. Overproduction of GH D. Diabetes mellitus -- 2. Insulin deficiency E. Grave's disease -- 4. Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

Indicate the appropriate gland that would produce the hormone needed to restore homeostasis for each of the following conditions. A. The end of a nine month pregnancy B. High blood sugar due to eating too many sweets C. Loss of Na+ from profuse sweating D. Delayed or stunted growth E. Drop in blood levels of Ca2+ due to extreme inactivity 1. Posterior pituitary 2. Adrenal cortex 3. Pancreas 4. Parathyroid gland 5. Anterior pituitary

A. The end of a nine month pregnancy -- 1. Posterior pituitary B. High blood sugar due to eating too many sweets -- 3. Pancreas C. Loss of Na+ from profuse sweating -- 2. Adrenal cortex D. Delayed or stunted growth -- 5. Anterior pituitary E. Drop in blood levels of Ca2+ due to extreme inactivity -- 4. Parathyroid gland

Match the following five endocrine glands with their secretions. A. Thyroid gland B. Neurohypophysis C. Adenohypophysis D. Adrenal gland E. Pineal gland 1. TSH 2. ADH 3. Calcitonin 4. Aldosterone 5. Melatonin

A. Thyroid Gland -- 3. Calcitonin B. Neurohypophysis -- 2. ADH C. Adenohypophysis -- 1. TSH D. Adrenal gland -- 4. Aldosterone E. Pineal gland -- 5. Melatonin

Match the following hormones with their functions. A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone B. Follicle-stimulating hormone C. Adrenocorticotropic hormone D. Growth hormone E. Oxytocin 1. Stimulates the production of thyroxine 2. Causes cells to undergo mitosis and increase in size 3. Increases contractions of uterine smooth muscle 4. Causes the adrenal cortex to produce hormones 5. Affects functions of the ovaries and testes

A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone -- 1. Stimulates the production of thyroxine B. Follicle-stimulating hormone -- 5. Affects functions of the ovaries and testes C. Adrenocorticotropic hormone -- 4. Causes the adrenal cortex to produce hormones D. Growth hormone -- 2. Causes cells to undergo mitosis and increase in size E. Oxytocin -- 3. Increases contractions of uterine smooth muscle

Given the homeostatic imbalance, indicate the hormone that would help to restore the balance. A. Too much Ca2+ in the blood B. Lowered levels of Ca2+ in the blood C. Decreased levels of blood sugar (hypoglycemia) D. Excessive loss of Na+ in extracellular fluids E. Elevated levels of blood sugar 1. Parathyroid hormone 2. Calcitonin 3. Insulin 4. Glucagon 5. Aldosterone

A. Too much Ca2+ in the blood -- 2. Calcitonin B. Lowered levels of Ca2+ in the blood -- 1. Parathyroid hormone C. Decreased levels of blood sugar (hypoglycemia) -- 4. Glucagon D. Excessive loss of Na+ in extracellular fluids -- 5. Aldosterone E. Elevated levels of blood sugar -- 3. Insulin

Match each of the following cell regions with the principle hormone produced. A. Zona fasciculate B. Alpha cells C. Zona glomerulosa D. Zona reticularis E. Beta cells 1. Androgens 2. Mineralocorticoids 3. Glucocorticoids 4. Insulin 5. Glucagon

A. Zona fasciculate -- 3. Glucocorticoids B. Alpha cells -- 5. Glucagon C. Zona glomerulosa -- 2. Mineralocorticoids D. Zona reticularis -- 1. Androgens E. Beta cells -- 4. Insulin

Resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the: A. adipose tissue. B. hypothalamus C. heart D. liver

A. adipose tissue.

The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the: A. anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) B. ovaries C. thyroid gland D. parathyroid glands E. adrenal gland

A. anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following, except the: A. brain B. skeletal muscle. C. myocardium D. adipose

A. brain

Excess growth hormone would cause all the following, except: A. suppression of cancer. B. A. suppression of cancer. C. giantism in children. D. diabetes

A. suppression of cancer.

Define "autocrines"

Chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them.

Which of the following hormones does the skin produce? A. Melatonin B. Erythropoietin C. Rennin D. Cholecalciferol

D. Cholecalciferol

Which of the following is not one of the three major types of stimuli to trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones? A. neural stimuli B. humoral stimuli C. hormonal stimuli D. endocrinal stimuli

D. Endocrinal stimuli

Which of the following hormones stimulates gamete (sperm or egg) production? A. Prolactin B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone C. Growth hormone D. Follicle-stimulating hormone

D. Follicle-stimulating hormone

Endocrinology involves the study of the endocrine organs and ______________. A. autocrines B. paracrines C. neurotransmitters D. hormones

D. Hormones

Any given hormone will influence the activity of ___________. A. its effector cells B. all tissue cells C. its receptor cells D. its target cells

D. Its target cells

Which of the following is the property in which a hormone CANNOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone? A. Synergism B. Antagonism C. Assertiveness D. Permissiveness

D. Permissiveness

List the major organs and glands of the endocrine system.

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands. The hypothalamus is considered a neuroendocrine organ. The pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes), and placenta contain endocrine tissue, as well.