Ch. 16 Toward A New World View

16-7 Rene Descartes RG

1) French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher 2) 1596-1650, Europe 3) the father of modern philosophy; he advocated for the scientific method and used mathematics and logic to form his conclusions, wrote "Discourse on Method"; revolutionized algebra and geometry and developed Cartesian dualism

16-31 Moses Mendelssohn RG

1) Prussian philosopher that led the Haskalah- the Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century 2) 1729-1786, Europe 3) considered to be one of the most important Jewish philosophers; advocated for freedom and civil rights for European Jews; the Haskalah accompanied a period of controversial social change within Jewish communities

16-8 Royal Scientific Societies RG

1) a learned society for science; included the countries of England, France, Prussia, Russia, and Naples 2) 1700s, Europe 3) the new scientific community became closely tied to the state and its agendas; more secular ideas emerged; fostered a new way of thinking that relied on empiricism and skepticism rather than accepted, fundamental truths - a development which changed the world forever.

16-6 Francis Bacon RG

1) one of the leading figures in natural philosophy and in the field of scientific methodology; father of empiricism. 2) 1561-1626, Europe 3) he remained extremely influential through his works; was an early pioneer of the scientific method and initiated a massive reformation of every process of knowledge for the advancement of learning divine and human.

16-29 Maria Theresa RG

1)an Austrian archduchess, and Holy Roman Empress of the Habsburg Dynasty from 1740 to 1780. 2) 1717-1880, Europe 3) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. Introduced many reforms such as church reform ( limiting the papacy's influence, eliminating many religious holidays, etc) and a whole series of administrative renovations

16-30 Joseph II RG

1)was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790 2)1741-1790, Europe 3)tried to strengthen the Habsburg empire with his enlightened reforms, but the changes he made were met with fierce opposition. Issued decrees that promoted equality and education

16-9 Pierre Bayle JP

1. A Huguenot who took refuge from the government prosecution in the Dutch Republic. Well known for his "Historical and Critical Dictionary" 2. 1647-1706 France 3. Concluded that nothing could be known beyond reasonable doubt, a view known as skepticism. His Dictionary was the most common book in France during the 18th century.

16-10 Tabula Rasa JP

1. A Latin phrase which translates to "Blank Slate" 2. Used by John Locke (1632-1704) 3. Phrase used by Locke, relating it to the human mind at birth. This went against the Church's belief of original sin.

16-11 Philosophes JP

1. A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of the Enlightenment 2. latter 17th century-18th century 3. Goal was to reach larger audiences of elites and educate them on their ideologies, attempting to reform society.

16-12 Montesquieu JP

1. A philosophe who wrote the first major work of the French Enlightenment "The Persian Letters" 2. 1689-1755 France 3. Argued for separation of powers, using the British's balance of power as inspiration

16-22 Rococo (TF)

1. A popular style in Europe in the 18th Century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids. 2. 18th Century, Europe. Most popular from 1720 to 1780. 3. The feminine influence in the rococo style went hand in hand with the emergence of polite society and the general attempt to civilize a rough military nobility.

16-15 Rousseau GH

1. Brilliant Enlightened & social outsider who was committed to individual freedom, attacked rationalism and the idea of civilization. More specifically he believed that the basic goodness of the individual and the unspoiled child had to be protected from the cruel refinements of civilization. 2. 1712-1778/ Switzerland 3. - His ideas greatly influenced the early romantic movement - Preached the concepts of general will and popular sovereignty which had a great impact on the political aspirations of the American and French Revolutions

16-18 David Hume GH

1. Central figure in Edinburgh who argued that the human mind is really nothing but a bundle of impressions. He stated that our ideas ultimately reflect only our sensory experiences, our reason cannot tell us anything about questions that cannot be veerifie by sensory experience, such as the origin of the universe or the existence of god. 2. 1711-1776/ Scotland 3. - Undermined the Enlightenment faith in the power of reason - Had a powerful impact not only in Scotland but also began an international enlightenment

16-2 Tycho Brahe (JT)

1. Danish astronomer whose observations of the planets provided the basis for Kepler's laws of planetary motion. 2. Europe, 17th and 18th century 3. Tycho Brahe's legacy is that he left a lot of astronomical data for other scientist to use.

16-5 Isaac Newton (JT)

1. English physicist and mathematician who is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. 2. 25 December 1642 - 20 March 1727, England 3. Best known for creating the rules of classical physics and calcus. He also best known for his rules of gravity which stood unchallenged until Einstein changed the field in the 20th century.

16-16 Diderot GH

1. Frenchman who devoted himself to literature and philosophy. He questioned Gods role in creation and suggested the autonomous evolution of species. He employed numerous genres to disseminate Enlightenment thought, ranging from scholarly articles in the Encyclopedia to philosophical treatises, novels, plays, and erotic stories 2. 1713-1784/ France 3. -Established the idea of evolution of species in 1749

16-24 Cameralism(ZB)

1.A form of mercantilist doctrine to increase production and trade through lifting trade restrictions 2.18th century Europe 3. This increases the power of the nation and helped increase the rulers influence and power over the people.

16-3 Johannes Kepler (JT)

1. German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion. 2. December 27, 1571 - November 15, 1630, Europe 3. Johannes Kepler is best known for his theory that planets, including Earth, rotate around the sun in elliptical orbits.

16-17 Beccaria GH

1. Italian central figure who in On Crimes and Punishments pleaded for reform of the penal system that used torture, arbitrary, prevention of crime through punishment, etc. 2. 1738-1794/ Italy 3. - Text was translated into French and English and made an impact throughout Europe

16-4 Galileo Galilei (JT)

1. Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism. 2. 15 February 1564 - 8 January 1642, Europe 3. He discovered four moons of Jupiter with his better telescope of his invention. Secondly, he is also known for his conflict with the Roman Catholic Church who placed him under house arrest for the last few years of his life which marked the most dramatic disagreement between the science and church community.

16-25 Frederick the Great(ZB)

1. King of Prussia. Invaded Austria, sparking the War of the Austrian Succession, in which he gained Silesia; invaded Saxony, sparking the Seven Years War, but did not gain any territory; he spent 2/3rds of all Prussian money on the army; proposed the First Partition of Poland, from which he gained a bit of Polish-Lithuanian territor 2. 1740-1786 Prussia 3.Heinsisted his court spoke French; was personal friends with Voltaire; instituted a uniform civil justice system; believed strongly in education; encourage agricultural innovation.He also granted religous freedom, reduced censorship, improved education, reformed the justice system, and abolished torture

16-20 Adam Smith (TF)

1. Major figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. Published "Theory of Moral Sentiments" in 1759 and "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" in 1776. 2. 18th Century, Europe 3. He argued that the thriving commercial life of the 18th Century produced civic virtues through the value of competition, fair play, and individual autonomy. He attacked the laws and regulations that prevented commerce from reaching its full capacity.

16-13 Voltaire JP

1. Most famous philsophe, real name is Francois Marie Arouet but he went by his pet name, Voltaire. 2. 1694-1778 Europe 3. Advocated religous tolerance and was a large reformer. Large challenger of the Catholic Church and Christian theology due to his deist beliefs.

16-1 Nicolaus Copernicus (JT)

1. Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center. 2. Europe, 17th and 18th century 3. Nicolaus Copernicus theory regarding earth's place in the universe greatly contributed to the start of the Scientific Revolution.

16-14 Chatelet GH

1. Noblewoman with a passion for science. She befriended Voltaire and studied physics and mathematics and published scientific articles and translations, including the first and only translation of Newtons Principia into French. 2. 1706-1749/ France 3. -Showed women could have a role in science if they didnt have such a limited role

16-19 Immanuel Kant (TF)

1. Professor in East Prussia and was the greatest German philosopher of his day. He argued that if intellectuals were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, enlightenment would almost surely follow. He insisted that in their private life, individuals must obey all laws, no matter how unreasonable. He published the pamphlet "What is Enlightenment?" in 1784. 2. 1724-1804, Europe. 3. He tried to reconcile absolute monarchical authority and religious faith with a critical public sphere.

16-21 Salon (TF)

1. Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy. 2. 18th Century, Europe 3. It represented an accommodation between the ruling classes and and the leaders of the Enlightenment thought.

16-26Catherine the Great(ZB)

1. She was ruler of Russia and increased its land,wrote the "Instruction"familiar with philosophes teachings but can't afford to alienate the nobility; divides Russia into 50 provinces(centralizes); created Charter of Nobility; 2.18th century Europe 3.This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, greatly expanded Russia, and continued the economic development under Peter the Great.

16-23 Enlightened Absolutism (TF)

1. Term coined by historians to describe the rule of 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance. 2. 18th century, Europe. 3. Enlightened absolutists used the ideas and practices of the Enlightenment not only to achieve reforms but also to enhance autocracy, crush opposition, suppress criticism, advance colonial economic exploitation, and consolidate personal control and profit.

16-28 Liberum Veto (ZB)

1.A rule obeyed in the central diet (the major meeting of all the governments) which required for any action to occur there be a unanimous agreement. 2.18th century Poland 3.Should a person announce an unalterable opposition to any action, they could force the diet to disband. Using this "free veto" to disband a diet was called "exploding" the diet. This made it very hard to get any sort of legislation passed .

16-27 Pugschev's rebellion (ZB)

1.Pugachev Rebellion led by Emelyan Pugachev (an illiterate Cossack), mass revolt with unhappy peasants; stopped when government executed Pugachev; Catherine the Great represses peasantry and makes no more reforms 2.18th century Europe 3.It was stopped when government executed Pugachev; Catherine the Great represses peasantry and makes no more reforms