ch. 17 amount and distribution of practice

massed practice

-longer & fewer sessions -very to no rests between trials

distributed practice

-shorter & greater number of sessions -between-trial rest intervals longer

distributed practice

a practice schedule in which the amount of rest between practice sessions or trials is relatively long

massed practice

a practice schedule in which the amount of rest between sessions or trials is very low

-less fatigue -cognitive factors -memory consolidation

benefit of longer rest interval between trials (distibuted practice)

- more continuous practice -quicker (if there is a time crunch) -few practice sessions

benefits of massed practice

large number (more) of shorter practice sessions (DISTRIBUTED)

better learning results when people practice skills in ____________ sessions than when they do so in sessions that are long & fewer in number (massed)

more shorter

distributed has_______ & _______ practice sessions than massed

continuous

distributed practice schedules is better with _________ motor skills

-distributed

do distributed or massed practice schedules lead to better learning when the length & frequency of practice sessions is the concern?

distributed

does distributed or massed have longer rest intervals between trials?

Motor-program based view of positives of over learning

extra practice helps strengthen the generalized motor program & responses schema for the skill a person is learning, to recall into action more readily when necessary

Dynamic Pattern Theory Perspective of positives of over learning

extra practice is a means by which a learning increases stability of the coordination & control characteristics in the performance

continuous

in massed practice, the amt of time between trials is either very short or nonexistent, so that practice is relativly _________

rest period between practice trials

length of intertrial interval = __________

discrete

massed practice schedule is better with ________ motor skills

-longer & fewer -shorter rest periods

massed practice schedules will have ________ & _______ practice schedules w/ ______ rest periods than distributed

information processing time movement production time

practice schedules must take into account ________ & _________

well suited

procedural skills are a type of motor skill ________ to deriving benefits from the overlearning practice strategy b/c a common prob w/ procedural skills is that ppl forget what to do to carry out the entire procedure.

true

t or f although additional practice is beneficial, increasing the amt of additional practice beyond a certain amt (diminishing return) is not more beneficial to retention performance.

true

t or f Applied to length and distribution of practice session--massed will have fewer practice sessions; each session requiring more and longer practice

true

t or f the amt of practice is not the critical variable influencing motor skill acquistiion

type of skill (continuous or discrete)

the ________ is important variable in determining practice distribution effects for schedules related to length of intertrial rest intervals.

interaction w/ other practice condition variables

the amt of practice cannot be considered in isolation, but in terms of its ________

over learning

the continuation of practice beyond the amount needed to achieve a certain performance criterion

-overlearning is beneficial -there is a point of *diminishing returns* for the amt of the retention performance benefit in relation to amt of extra practice

the results of overlearning strategy for learning dynamic balance skills is ________ & _________

type of skill (continuous= distributed discrete= massed)

when the lengeth of the intertrial interval for a series of practice trials is the concern, the _______ being learned is an important consideration

distributed

when the length & frequency of practice sessions is the concern, _________ practice results in better learning that massed regardless of the type of skill being learned.

a. Longer practice sessions b. Too many breaks

2 drawbacks of distributed practice skills

a. Boredom b. Fatigue

2 drawbacks of massed practice

-skills are *simple & easy to learn* to boredom & reduced amt of attention leads learners to not engage in the amt of *cognitive effort* required to perform a task. -continued practice of same movement decreases the capability to remember the movement & transfer to a movement *variation*

2 explanations of why over learning (addition of more practice trials) leads to poorer retention & transfer tests are _________ & _________

a. Allows for rest, reduces fatigue b. Increase Cognitive Effort c. Allows for memory consolidation (long term memory storage process)

3 explanations benefits of distributed practice schedule over massed practice schedule

1. Increasing the amount of practice beyond a certain number of trials resulted in poorer transfer test performance. (diminishing returns) The addition of more practice beyond a certain amount did not improve retention and transfer test performance. 2. Boredom after extended practice - engage in less cognitive effort 3. Amount of practice is NOT the critical variable influencing motor skill acquisition (perfect practice makes perfect)

Negatives of over learning