Ch 17 AP Euro Review - Marsh
In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?
England and Germany
Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with
a blank slate.
Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
religious intolerance.
A key type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was
travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.
Montesquieu's Persian Letters
was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.
The French philosophes
were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as
"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."
Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his
28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.
Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was
evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.
Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:
novels.
Adam Smith believed that government
should not interfere in people's economic decisions.
Choose the correct relationship between the Rococo artist and his work.
Antoine Watteau - Reture from Cythera
The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was
Antoine Watteau.
The author of The Progress of the Human mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was
Condorcet.
A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with
Beccaria.
The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was
Fontenelle.
The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was
Francois Quesnay.
Deism is the belief that
God created the universe but does not actively run it.
The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is
Handel's Messiah.
European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by
Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy to Germany to the Austrian Empire.
A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of
James Cook.
Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to
Lent.
The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was
Mary Astell.
The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by
Mary Wollstonecraft.
The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was
Methodism.
Which eighteenth-century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro?
Mozart
The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was
Paris.
For Rousseau, the "general will" was
a social consensus to which the individual must bow.
The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to
change the general way of thinking.
Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century
corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.
High culture in the eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the
enormous impact of the publishing industry.
A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was
gin.
Pogroms were
instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.
Salons were
literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed.
The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of
magazines for the general public.
The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they
popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.
In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where
power is divided between the three branches of government.
For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?
private property
Johann Sebastian Bach
produced religious music as a way to worship God.
Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes:
proper child rearing and human education.
Isaac Newton and John Locke
provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often
public and very gruesome.
European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of
secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,
still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.
An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was
the Marquise du Chatelet.
Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended
the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.
The French philosophes mostly included people from
the nobility and the middle class.
The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to
the social sciences.
The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe
won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781.
