Ch. 17

Select all that apply Which of the following are consequences of aging on the brain? Neurogenesis in all regions of the brain A slowing in the function of the brain and spinal cord Reduced number of synapses A reduction in some neurotransmitters

A slowing in the function of the brain and spinal cord Reduced number of synapses A reduction in some neurotransmitters

What is the medical condition that happens when excess pressure inside the eye causes damage to the optic nerve? Macular degeneration Glaucoma Astigmatism Cataracts

Glaucoma

Select all that apply Which of the following sensory functions decline as the result of aging? Affect Intelligence Smell Vision

Smell Vision Hearing

True or false: Although there are individual differences, research shows that seeing, hearing, and other aspects of sensory functioning are linked with the ability to perform everyday activities. True False

True

Overall, the results of research on calorie restriction and longevity ______. show that calorie restriction increases frailty, hastening death show that calorie restriction greatly enhances longevity show no relationship between the two are mixed

are mixed

Cellular ____ theory, also known as telomere theory, holds that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times and that as people age, their cells become less capable of dividing.

clock

According to the evolutionary theory of aging, natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults because natural selection ______. enables the survival of free radicals is linked to reproductive fitness causes our cells to stop dividing is limited as a theory that encompasses the life span

is linked to reproductive fitness

The term ____ refers to a chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue.

osteoporosis

____ ____ , which are unstable oxygen molecules, ricochet around cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures.

Blank 1: Free Blank 2: radicals

Select all that apply Which of the following are true of glaucoma? Surgery is usually recommended. It involves a thickening of the lens of the eye. If untreated, it can destroy a person's vision. It can be treated with eyedrops.

If untreated, it can destroy a person's vision. It can be treated with eyedrops.

Select all that apply Which of the following are common changes affecting visual acuity in late adulthood? reduced peripheral vision lack of ability to see color difficulty adapting to darkness reduced tolerance for glare

reduced peripheral vision difficulty adapting to darkness reduced tolerance for glare

In 2015, the geographical area with the lowest estimated life expectancy was in ______. Asia Europe Africa North America

Africa

Of the groups listed, which has the longest life expectancy in the United States? African American men Non-Latino White women Non-Latino White men African American women

Non-Latino White women

True or False: A 25-year longitudinal study of monkeys found that calorie-restricted diets had no impact on longevity of the animal. True False

True

Many of the visual problems in older adults result from a reduction in the quality or intensity of light reaching the ______. retina cones iris rods

retina

____ degeneration is a disease that involves deterioration of the focal center of the visual field.

Blank 1: Macular, Maculer, or Mascular

Select all that apply Which of the following together account for 60% of deaths in older adults? Home accidents Heart disease Strokes Arthritis Cancer

Heart disease Cancer

_____ are tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair. Telomeres Sirtuins Mitochondria Free radicals

Mitochondria

____ stress theory states that aging wears down certain internal body systems, which lowers resistance to stress and disease.

Hormonal

Color vision in later adulthood may decline because of a yellowing of the ______ of the eye. pupil retina iris lens

lens

True or false: The hormonal stress theory of aging states that aging wears down certain internal body systems, which lowers resistance to stress and increases the likelihood of disease. True False

True

The MOST common chronic disorder in late adulthood is ______. respiratory disease arthritis heart disease hypertension

arthritis

The number of years that a person born in a particular year will probably live is called ______. life expectancy life process lifestyle life span

life expectancy

Adaptive features of the aging brain include delateralization of the brain, dendritic growth, and ______. neurogenesis increased neurotransmitter production synaptic growth lengthening of axons

neurogenesis

The formation of new neurons is called ____ . (Make sure to spell it correctly in order to get credit!)

neurogenesis

As adults age, their vision changes, and ______ becomes more difficult because tolerance for glare diminishes. seeing far away color vision night driving contrast sensitivity

night driving

On average, the brain loses ______ of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90. 15 to 20% 1 to 2% 25 to 30% 5 to 10%

5 to 10%

What condition involves a thickening of the lens of the eye, which causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted? Presbyopia Cataracts Macular degeneration Glaucoma

Cataracts

Which of the following statements about changes in lung capacity in late adulthood is FALSE? Older adults can improve lung functioning with special exercises. The lungs lose elasticity. Changes occur only when disease is present. The diaphragm weakens.

Changes occur only when disease is present.

Which theory of aging supports the idea that if Alzheimer disease occurred earlier in development, it might have been eliminated many centuries ago? Cellular clock theory Mitochondrial theory Free-radical theory Evolutionary theor

Evolutionary theory

Select all that apply According to research, exercise reduces the risk of which of the following chronic diseases? Glaucoma Osteoporosis Type 2 diabetes Vision problems due to cataracts Cardiovascular disease

Osteoporosis Type 2 diabetes Cardiovascular disease

The two most common chronic disorders in late adulthood are arthritis and ___

Blank 1: hypertension or high blood pressure

Select all that apply Which of the following are treatments for arthritis? Weight loss Curative medications Correction of vitamin deficiencies Exercise Joint replacement Pain medications

Weight loss Exercise Joint replacement Pain medications

The ______ theory of aging states that people age because when cells metabolize energy, the by-products include unstable oxygen molecules that damage DNA and other cellular structures, leading to disorders. cellular clock hormonal stress free-radical mitochondrial

free-radical

Color vision may decline with age due to a ______ of the lens of the eye. yellowing whitening thinning tearing

yellowing

Although there are some mixed findings, research generally shows that being overweight is ______. associated with earlier death not related to longevity associated with greater longevity

associated with earlier death

Researchers have found that ______ reduces oxidative damage created by free radicals. calorie restriction taking dietary supplements neurogenesis moderate alcohol consumption

calorie restriction

The leading cause of death in adults between the ages of 65 and 74 is ______. cancer influenza pneumonia cardiovascular disease

cancer

The biological theory of aging known as the _______ theory suggests that cells can divide a maximum number of about 75 to 80 times and that cells become less capable of dividing as people age. hormonal stress cellular clock free-radical mitochondrial

cellular clock

Select all that apply Which of the following are associated with increased risk of sleep problems? depression physical illness increased exercise being male

depression physical illness

Alice, who is 75, lives independently but sometimes has difficulty noticing where steps or curbs are. This situation illustrates a problem with ______ in later adulthood. macular degeneration depth perception dark adaptation glaucoma

depth perception

In older men, orgasm occurs ______. every time every second or third attempt rarely every fourth or fifth attempt

every second or third attempt

The number of years that an average person born in a specific year will most likely live is called "life ____ ." (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

expectancy

Select all that apply Which of the following are biological theories of aging? hormonal stress theory Okinawan approach theory compression of morbidity theory evolutionary theory genetic/cellular process theories

hormonal stress theory evolutionary theory genetic/cellular process theories

Select all that apply Which of the following changes to the visual field occur in late adulthood? It becomes larger and more diffuse. Events taking place in the center may not be detected. It becomes smaller. Events taking place away from the center might not be detected.

It becomes smaller. Events taking place away from the center might not be detected.

Recent research has found that ______ is a contributing factor in macular degeneration. lack of exercise alcohol use vitamin E deficiency cigarette smoking

cigarette smoking

The chemical resveratrol, which may promote DNA repair and trigger other beneficial processes in older adults, is found in ______. white wine hard liquor beer red wine

red wine

____ is an inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems.

Arthritis

Researchers have found that exercise improves ____ functioning in older adults. For example, a recent study revealed that telomere length was greater in white blood cells when older adults had a higher level of physical activity during leisure time.

Blank 1: cellular

A decline in ____ ____ in late adulthood can make it difficult for older adults to determine how close or far away or how high or low something is.

Blank 1: depth Blank 2: perception

Exercise can increase ____ and ____ mass and decrease ____ fragility.

Blank 1: muscle Blank 2: bone Blank 3: bone

A substance in red wine, ____ , has been hypothesized to play a key role in red wine's health benefits.

Blank 1: resveratrol, resveratol, reversatol, reverstratol, or resvaratrol

What is the treatment for cataracts? Eyedrops Surgical removal Cochlear implant Medication

Surgical removal

Which of the following statements regarding sleep in late adulthood is FALSE? Using behavioral and pharmaceutical treatments to improve older adults' sleep causes more harm than good. Staying active during the day will improve older adults' sleep. Poor sleep can result in earlier death. More time in sleep benefits older adults' memory and their cognitive skills.

Using behavioral and pharmaceutical treatments to improve older adults' sleep causes more harm than good.

The term _____ refers to the maximum number of years that an individual can live. life limit life boundary life span age limit

life span

The ______ theory of aging states that aging is due to the decay of tiny bodies within cells that supply the necessary energy for function, growth, and repair. hormonal stress cellular clock free-radical mitochondrial

mitochondrial

Alvin is 88 years old, so some researchers would classify him as ______. young-old oldest-old older-old middle-old

oldest-old

At 60 years of age, the retina receives about ______ as much light as it did at 20 years of age. one-half one-fifth one-third one-fourth

one-third

Which disorder involves extensive loss of bone tissue? glaucoma arthritis osteoporosis fibromyalgia

osteoporosis

After 80 years of age, approximately _______ men have trouble getting and/or keeping erections. 1 out of 2 1 out of 10 all 1 out of 4

1 out of 2

According to one research analysis, energy expended by older adults that burns up at least 1,000 calories a week was estimated to increase life expectancy by ______%. 10 30 25 15

30

As a percentage of total body weight, fat is 20% at age 25 and ______ at age 75. 40% 10% 60% 20%

40%

Lung capacity drops ______ between the ages of 20 and 80. 20% 10% 60% 40%

40%

Some researchers classify people by age. People between the ages of _____ are classified as young-old. 55 and 64 85 and 100 45 to 54 65 and 84

65 and 84

One benefit of elder-care centers is that they do not foster the sense of depersonalization and ______ that can be common for residents of institutions. dependency rehabilitation abandonment expense

dependency

The term life____ refers to the maximum number of years that an individual can live.

span

Select all that apply Which statements about nursing homes are accurate? Patients often feel depersonalized. Living there is typically less expensive than remaining at home. They are most appropriate for patients who can take care of themselves but want the company of same-age peers. There are concerns about safety and care at over one-third of American nursing homes.

Patients often feel depersonalized. There are concerns about safety and care at over one-third of American nursing homes.

What is the relationship between physical activity and longevity? People who exercise regularly tend to live considerably longer. Regular exercise is due to shortened life span, due to the increased risk of injury. Exercise is not really correlated with longevity.

People who exercise regularly tend to live considerably longer.

In the United States, members of which ethnic group have high death rates for stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and female breast cancer? Asian Americans Caucasians Latinos African Americans

African Americans

The life expectancy of ______ in the United States is almost six years lower than the life expectancy of ______ in the United States. non-Latino Whites; African Americans African Americans; non-Latino Whites Asian Americans; non-Latino Whites non-Latino Whites; Asian Americans

African Americans; non-Latino Whites

Select all that apply Which of the following are reasons why projected growth in life expectancy is so much lower in the US than in South Korea? Americans are much more likely to be obese. Most South Koreans are vegetarian. The US has a much higher child and maternal mortality rate. The US has the world's highest homicide rate.

Americans are much more likely to be obese. The US has a much higher child and maternal mortality rate. The US has the world's highest homicide rate.

Select all that apply Which of the following are examples of adaptive features of the aging brain? Decreased lateralization Increased "noise" Neurogenesis Dendritic growth

Decreased lateralization Neurogenesis Dendritic growth

Select all that apply Which of the following statements about substance use and abuse in late adulthood are true? Select all that apply: The rate of binge drinking tends to increase dramatically during middle and late adulthood. Drug abuse can be easily missed because symptoms are often wrongly attributed to other causes. The risk of abuse is increased because older adults often take multiple medications. Older adults may abuse prescription drugs, but rarely abuse illicit drugs.

Drug abuse can be easily missed because symptoms are often wrongly attributed to other causes. The risk of abuse is increased because older adults often take multiple medications.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements about weight and older adults are true? There is a steep increase in obesity rates among the very old. For some adults, having a few extra pounds may actually be a protective factor. Many experts now believe that activity level is more important than weight in determining health. Obesity is associated with higher rates of chronic illnesses.

For some adults, having a few extra pounds may actually be a protective factor. Many experts now believe that activity level is more important than weight in determining health. Obesity is associated with higher rates of chronic illnesses.

Select all that apply Exercise is linked to improved brain and cognitive functioning in older adults because it does which of the following? Improves executive functioning Leads to improved memory Shortens telomeres Increases activity in the amygdala

Improves executive functioning Leads to improved memory

Select all that apply Which of the following ethnic groups have low death rates from stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and female breast cancer? Whites Latinos African Americans Asian Americans

Latinos Asian Americans

Select all that apply Which of the following are typical in terms of physical appearance and movement in aging adults? Increased muscle mass Loss of bone material Mobility problems Wrinkles and age spots

Loss of bone material Mobility problems Wrinkles and age spots

Select all that apply Regarding living arrangements and health care for the elderly, which of the following statements are TRUE? More than one-third of nursing homes and extended care facilities do not meet the federally mandated minimum standards. Due to the high cost of alternative care, there has been little change in the percentage of older adults living in nursing homes. Recently, home health care workers are having difficulty finding work due to the success of elder-care centers and preventative medicine clinics. One issue of concern for elderly adults living in nursing homes is that they are not given the lifestyle freedom within their range of abilities.

More than one-third of nursing homes and extended care facilities do not meet the federally mandated minimum standards. One issue of concern for elderly adults living in nursing homes is that they are not given the lifestyle freedom within their range of abilities.

Select all that apply According to recent research in healthy aging, what causes the decrease in brain volume? Shorter axons Fewer synapses Shrinkage of neurons Extreme neuron loss

Shorter axons Fewer synapses Shrinkage of neurons

Select all that apply Which of the following are consequences of aging on the brain? Reduced branching in dendrites Increased density of the myelin sheath Shorter axons Slower reflexes

Shorter axons Slower reflexes

Select all that apply The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has called substance abuse in older adult populations an "invisible epidemic" and expressed which of the following concerns? Substance abuse is often undetected in older adults. The abuse could involve prescription drugs. As people age, their alcohol consumption increases. Screening questionnaires are too often not appropriate for older adults.

Substance abuse is often undetected in older adults. The abuse could involve prescription drugs. Screening questionnaires are too often not appropriate for older adults.

Select all that apply In which of the following regions of the brain have researchers documented that neurogenesis occurs? The cingulate gyrus The amygdala The hippocampus The olfactory bulb

The hippocampus The olfactory bulb

Regarding older adults and exercise, which of the following statements is FALSE? Exercise reduces the risk of developing mental health problems. The rate of exercise among older people has increased dramatically in recent years. Exercise is linked to improved brain functioning. Exercise has been shown to be effective in treating and preventing depression.

The rate of exercise among older people has increased dramatically in recent years.

True or false: Exercise plays an important role in preventing some chronic diseases, and it is also used as part of the treatment for some diseases. True False

True

Match the biological theory of aging with the proper description.

free-radical theory Aging occurs because cells produce unstable oxygen molecules that damage DNA. mitochondrial theory ChoiceAging is caused by decay of tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair.Aging is caused by decay of tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair. hormonal stress theory ChoiceAging lowers resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.Aging lowers resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease. cellular clock theory ChoiceAging results in cells becoming less capable of dividing and telomeres becoming shorter.Aging results in cells becoming less capable of dividing and telomeres becoming shorter.