Ch. 19
B blood type
B antigen antiA in plasma compatible donor types (B, O)
white blood cells
leukocytes protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances
plasma
1 of the major components of blood. water solutes dissolved in blood (proteins)
how long do red blood cells live
120 days
what percentage of blood is formed elements
45%
how long do platelets live
5-9 days
what percentage of blood is plasma
55%
AB blood type
A and B antigen neither antiA or antiB in plasma compatible donor types (A, B, AB, O)
A blood type
A antigen antiB in plasma compatible donor types (A, O)
what blood type is the universal reciever
AB
what blood type is the universal donor
O
define diapedesis
WBC's move from circulation to interstitial fluid
proteins in the blood plasma
albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
structure of red blood cell
biconcave discs lack nuclei and other organelles lack DNA (no division)
Describe the relationship between blood and interstitial fluid
blood is a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix. Interstitial fluid is the fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood. Blood-interstitial fluid-cells or reverse for wastes.
formed elements in the blood
cells or things made out of cells (suspended in the blood) red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
what is agglutination and why does it occur?
clumping of red blood cells when antibodies in the recipient's plasma bind to the antigens on the donated red blood cells
define granule
conspicuous chemical filled cytoplasmic vesicles
hypoxia induced situations
decrease in number of RBC's due to hemorrhage decrease in O2 due to high altitudes increase in demands for O2 due to aerobic exercise
hematopoiesis
development of formed elements red bone marrow hemocytoblasts (pluripotent stem cells) - they can make a lot of different kinds of cells
red blood cells
erythrocytes transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs
average values of female and male hematocrits
female: 42 male: 47 different because testosterone stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin which stimulates production of red blood cells
platelets
fragments of cells that don't have a nucleus. Release chemicals that promote clotting
how are blood types determined
genetically determined by the glycoproteins/glycolipids (antigens - any substance that when put in somebody could mount the immune system to act against something) found on the surface of RBCs
structure of hemoglobin
globin protein (4 polypeptide chains) heme (pigment) - iron stored in liver as ferriten
difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes
granulocytes visible under light microscope, agranulocytes aren't
what cell do platelets form from
hemopoietic stem cells - megakaryoblasts-cytes which break into fragments
what organ is stimulated by reduced oxygen and releases erythropoietin?
kidneys
define hypoxia
low oxygen level in blood
agranular leukocytes
lymphocyte, monocyte
O blood type
neither A or B antigen Both antiA and antiB in plasma compatible donor types (O)
types of granular leukocytes
neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil
properties of blood
pH 7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline/basic) denser and thicker than water temp is 38 degrees C or 100.4 degrees F 5-6 L (1.5 gal) in male and 4-5 L (1.2 gal) in female
define hematocrit
percentage of total blood volume occupied by the red blood cells
function of hemoglobin
pigment that gives whole blood its red color
major components of the blood
plasma and formed elements
erythropoiesis
red blood cell production
describe negative feedback loop that maintains homeostatic oxygen levels
stimulus (hypoxia) receptors :kidney cells control center: red bone marrow makes red blood cells mature more quickly effectors: large number of red blood cells in circulation response: increased oxygen delivery to tissues return to homeostasis
functions of blood
transportation, regulation of homeostasis and pH, and protection (clotting and from toxins)
how does hemolytic disease occur
when the red blood cell's plasma membranes rupture prematurely. Can occur from inherited defects like abnormal red blood cell enzymes or from outside agents like parasites or toxins. Also from incompatible transfused blood
what factor determines whether your blood type is positive or negative
whether or not your red blood cells have the Rh antigen or not