CH 19 homework questions

Why have we NOT found examples in the fossil record of every animal that ever lived on Earth?

-to become a fossil, an animal must remain buried for thousands or millions of years until it turns to rock -many fossil remain buried. we can only find them when they are exposed by erosion or excavation -to become a fossil, an animal must be quickly and completely buried in ash or sediment before it has a chance to decompose

Which evidence supports the hypothesis that four-limbed animals came from fish?

-The fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapod about 365 million years ago -both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates -fish and four-limbed animals have similar embryos -dna analysis shows that fish are tetrapods closet relatives

Tiktaalik had a combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics. Which were the tetrapod-like characteristics?

-flat head with eyes on top -a neck -interlocking ribs

Which hypothesis is supported by the characteristics of Lucy and other Australopithecus afarensis?

Bipedalism arose very early in hominin evolution, prior to enlargement of the brain.

what is a transitional fossil?

Transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants.

A research team is interested in monitoring platypus nests to further study their population. Where would be best for the team to look?

along riverbanks

The tuatara is a lizard-like reptile found only in New Zealand today, the last surviving lineage of a large group of reptiles that were contemporaries of the dinosaurs. Which of the following traits would you expect the tuatara to possess? feathers amniotic egg and scaly skin absence of teeth endothermy

amniotic egg and scaly skin

Tiktaalik is an example of a transitional form linking __________ to ancestral __________.

amphibians; fish

Scientists have discovered about 20 species of extinct hominins, including several __________, a group that was relatively diverse from 4 to 2 million years ago.

australopiths

Hominins include __________ but not __________.

australopiths; chimpanzees

Which of the following is a tetrapod? a bird mammala reptile a fish an amphibian

bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian

Molecular evidence suggests that _____.

chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas are more closely related to humans than they are to orangutans or gibbons

. A fish that has a flexible skeleton made of cartilage is known as a

chordrichthyan

A scientist discovers a new species of fossil tetrapod. The fossil consists only of a few scattered hard parts. Which trait would be most likely to allow the scientist to identify the unknown as a mammal?

differentiated teeth

At higher latitudes, natural selection favored a reduction in skin pigmentation because __________.

the risk of UV damage to folate was reduced

The greatest incidence of skin cancer (melanoma) would be expected to occur in

people who are deficient in folate and live near the equator.

Human skin color differences appear to be ____

primarily an adaptation to latitudinal differences in the intensity of solar radiation

Human skin color differences appear to be _____.

primarily an adaptation to latitudinal differences in the intensity of solar radiation

A biologist visited a fish market and found a fish she did not recognize. To place the unknown fish into a major group, she would need to look at __________.

the structure and composition of the skeleton and the structure and arrangement of the fins

A fish that has a bony skeleton and thin, flexible supports in its fins is known as a

ray-finned fish

The gas-filled sac found in many fishes is called a

swim bladder

Based on what is contributing to the decline in platypus numbers, which of the following would be best to help their population?

the echidna, a monotreme

Which of the following statements is NOT true about Homo floresiensis (nicknamed the Hobbit)?

Fossil evidence indicates that Homo floresiensis had a brain and foot structure comparable to modern humans.

The first hominin known to make tools is _____.

Homo habilis

Which of the following statements is correct?

New animal species are being reported almost daily from a variety of habitats around the world.

In 1997, scientists discovered a new species of primate, only 10 cm long, with widely spaced nostrils that open outward and a long prehensile tail. This animal would be a(n) _____.

New world monkey

Recently, an international team of scientists discovered a new and endangered gibbon species in a South-Asian jungle. What is typical about this find?

Often newly discovered animal species are listed as endangered soon after they are discovered.

Which of the following is true? The platypus is extinct in Australia, as it is no longer found in the wild. The platypus has been extirpated from Australia, as it is now only found in New Zealand. The platypus is endangered in Australia, as it is listed under that country's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act. The platypus is endemic to Australia, as that is the only country where it is found.

The platypus is endemic to Australia, as that is the only country where it is found.

How did the great transition from fish to tetrapod occur?

The transition occurred gradually over time, so there are many intermediate forms

Which best describes current evidence and ideas about the evolution of the first tetrapods? The picture below represents an early tetrapod.

There is an increasingly complete series of transitional fossils joining lobe-finned fishes to fully terrestrial tetrapods. Currently, it appears that the first tetrapods were fish that lived in shallow water and used their limbs to lift themselves out of the water and gulp air.

Why did Shubin and Daeschler search in the Canadian arctic for fossil evidence of the transition from fish to tetrapods?

They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in sedimentary rocks older than 365 million years ago, when the first tetrapods appear in the fossil record.

What kind of habitat did tiktaalik live in?

Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp.

Ancient human migrations can be better understood by analyzing genetic characteristics of modern populations; elements transmitted exclusively through maternal lines and elements transmitted exclusively through paternal lines are particularly useful. In humans, __________ are exclusively paternally inherited, and __________ are exclusively maternally inherited.

Y chromosomes, mitochondria

Considering the adaptive nature of human skin color differences, what kinds of health problems might you expect in modern humans?

You might predict Vitamin D deficiency in dark-skinned Africans that move to Norway.

Haikouichthys lanceolata is one of the oldest fossil chordates known. It shares with lampreys some specific features of the eye and eye muscles. From this, we can infer that Haikouichthys probably possessed _____.

a cranium and vertebrae, but no jaws or paired fins

The two distinguishing features of vertebrates are the presence of _____.

a skull and backbone

Two features of ray-finned fish NOT found in sharks are __________.

a swim bladder and operala

Which of the following traits support(s) advanced flight capabilities in modern birds?

absence of teeth, honeycombed bones, and acute sight

Humans and the slender loris share many traits that probably evolved in our early primate ancestors, including _____

opposable thumbs

Extant nonbird reptiles are __________, whereas birds are different in that they are __________.

ectothermic; endothermic

Which of these features of hominins evolved most recently?

enlarged brain

The development that freed vertebrates from water for reproduction and allowed them to radiate into diverse terrestrial environments was the _____.

evolution of the amniotic egg

What evidence was used to construct this phylogenetic tree of the primates?

fossils, dna, anatomy

Which of the following statements regarding amphibians is FALSE?

gas exchange in amphibians involves lungs and moist skin, but not gills

Which of the following statements regarding amphibians is FALSE? Caecilians are legless amphibians .Poison glands are commonly present in amphibian skin. Amphibians are tetrapods. Gas exchange in amphibians involves lungs and moist skin, but not gills.

gas exchange in amphibians involves lungs and moist skin, but not most gills

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the reptile clade?

gas exchange through moist skin over majority of body Gas exchange through moist skin is a feature of amphibians, but is virtually absent in reptiles.

The modern groups of apes include____

gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans

A horror movie features a giant man-eating cylindrical sea creature with a slashing tongue armed with toothlike structures. It attaches to victims and ties itself into a knot, then pushes the knot snugly against the victim for leverage. When attacked, it releases huge quantities of transparent slime. This monster is a giant _____.

hagfish

Humans and the slender loris share many traits that probably evolved in our early primate ancestors, including _____.

opposable thumbs

Which of the following is correctly classified? A reptile is a tetrapod .An amphibian is a jawed vertebrate with amniotic eggs .A lancelet is a vertebrate. Lampreys are jawed vertebrates.

it is true that reptiles are tetrapods

A row of organs that are sensitive to changes in water pressure is called a

lateral line system

What are the three main groups of primates?

lemurs, lorises, and bush babies; Tarsirers and anthropoids

A fish that has muscular pectoral and pelvic fins supported by rod-shaped bones is known as a

lobe fin

The first vertebrates to live on land were most likely derived from ancestral __________.

lobe-finned fishes

If you were to observe a monkey in a zoo, which characteristic would clearly indicate a New World origin for that monkey species?

many new world monkeys have prehensile tails; no old world monkeys do

The kangaroo is an example of a _____ mammal.

marsupial

Scientists recently discovered a new fossil anthropoid in Spain. To determine whether this new species is an Old World monkey or an ape, the researchers would _____.

measures the forelimbs and compare to the hind limbs

Which of the following traits tend(s) to tie amphibians to wet or moist habitats?

moist skin and soft, unprotected eggs laid in water

The two major groups of anthropoids are __________.

monkeys and apes

All mammals _____.

nourish their offspring through mammary glands

Movement of the_____allows some fish to breathe without swimming

operculum

Based on current fossil evidence, feathers first appeared in __________ and may have first functioned in __________.

theropod dinosaurs; insulation and courtship displays

How do lampreys and hagfishes differ from all other extant vertebrates?

they lack both jaws and paired appendages

Most amphibians have two key characteristics that tie them to water or at least damp habitats. What are they?

use of skin for gas exchange and external fertilization

If Tamielle Brunt's study of platypus DNA is successful, which of the following would she need to continue sampling to further her research?

water samples