Ch. 19 micro

Examples that involve direct transmission of infectious disease?

- kissing, touching, droplet spread

Which of the following refers to a descriptive epidemiological study? A. Collecting data that characterize the occurrence, from the time and place of the outbreak to the individuals infected B. Used to judge the cause-and effect relationship of risk factors (or preventative factors) and the development of disease. Often compares a treatment with a placebo C. Designed to determine which potential risk factors are actually relevant in the spread of the disease. Can include cross-sectional, retrospective, and prospective studies

A. Collecting data that characterize the occurrence, from the time and place of the outbreak to the individuals infected

What graph would show a rapid increase in the number of cases over a period of time? A. Common-source epidemic B. Propagated epidemic

A. Common-source epidemic

Which of the following describes an analytical epidemiological study? A. Designed to determine which potential risk factors are actually relevant in the spread of the disease. Can include cross-sectional, retrospective, and prospective studies B. Used to judge the cause-and-effect relationship of risk factors (or preventative factors) and the development of disease. Often compares a treatment with a placebo C. Collecting data that characterize the occurrence, from the time and place of the outbreak to the individuals infected

A. Designed to determine which potential risk factors are actually relevant in the spread of the disease. Can include cross-sectional, retrospective, and prospective studies

Please select the mode of disease transmission being demonstrated in this scenario: A teacher walking through her first grade classroom pauses to pick up a used tissue that ended up on the floor instead of in the waste basket. Unfortunately, after discarding the tissue, she doesn't immediately wash her hands, and acquires a strain of rhinovirus. Several days later she begins to experience the symptoms of a cold. A. Fomite B. Air C. Vector D. Direct contact (touching) E. Droplet

A. Fomite

Following an outbreak of a diarrheal illness in school children, which would be the best group to use as a control in a case-control study? A. Healthy classmates of the children with diarrhea B. Parents of infected children C. The children with diarrhea D. Children with diarrhea at a different school

A. Healthy classmates of the children with diarrhea

During 2007, there were 3.6 new cases of pertussis per 100,000 susceptible individuals in the U.S., part of a steady increase that has been occurring since the 1980s. Please select the term that is illustrated by this statistic. A. Incidence B. Mortality C. Prevalence D. Epidemic rate E. Endemic rate

A. Incidence

A disease is included on the Notifiable Infectious Diseases List for the CDC if it A. is of relatively high incidence or poses potential danger to public health. B. causes permanent damage or is fatal. C. is transmitted by airborne respiratory droplets. D. is caused by an infectious agent.

A. Is of relatively high incidence or poses potential danger to public health

What kind of vector is from flies on a food to your mouth? A. Mechanical vector B. Biological vector

A. Mechanical vector

A new disease spreads rapidly around the world, causing disease in many but death in few. From this information, you can reasonably state that this E. outbreak has a high incidence. A. pandemic has a high morbidity rate. B. epidemic has a high mortality rate. C. epidemic has a high morbidity rate. D. pandemic has a high mortality rate.

A. Pandemic has a high morbidity rate

Much work is currently being done towards global eradication of which of the following diseases? A. Polio B. The common cold C. Influenza D. Ebola virus disease

A. Polio

Which of the following is a zoonotic disease? A. Rabies B. Chickenpox C. Common cold D. Polio E. Malaria

A. Rabies

Which of the following statements best describes a patient who has developed a nosocomial infection? A. The patient recently received treatment in a hospital or clinic. B. The patient is sexually active. C. The patient has been in close contact with animals. D. The patient has been in close contact with friends.

A. The patient recently received treatment in a hospital or clinic

Lack of proper air filtration or regulated airflow, resulting in airborne particles from respiratory droplets moving into areas with susceptible individuals

Airborne transmission

What type of epidemiological study is attempt to determine which risk factors are relevant to disease development

Analytical studies

If 250 people at a party eat cake made with Salmonella-contaminated eggs, and 50 people develop salmonellosis (vomiting and diarrhea), the attack rate is A. 25% B. 20% C. 100% D. 50% E. More information is needed.

B. 20%

From a global standpoint, which of the following is the most serious immediate threat? A disease that 1. is epidemic 2. is endemic 3. has a high morbidity rate 4. is pandemic 5. has a high mortality rate A. 2; 5. B. 4; 5. C. 1; 5. D. 2; 3.

B. 4;5

Nearly every hospital in the United States has an Infection Control Committee that works to establish policies to prevent healthcare-associated infections. Each of these Committees is usually chaired by A. the head of the State Health Department. B. a hospital epidemiologist, specially trained in hospital infection control. C. a high-ranking official from the World Health Organization. D. a high-ranking official from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

B. A hospital epidemiologist, specially trained in hospital infection control

Please choose the best definition of virulence factors. A. The site within a host in which a microorganism resides and causes disease. B. Characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease. C. Characteristics of a microorganism, such as its morphology, Gram reaction, and colony morphology. D. The natural habitat of the microorganism or the source from which a host can become infected. E. Factors that enable a microorganism to be resistant to antimicrobial medications.

B. Characteristics of a microorganism that enables i to establish infection and cause disease

All of the following are matching pairs EXCEPT: A. Rabies - zoonosis B. Fomite - droplet transmission C. Plague - zoonosis D. Vertical transmission - fetus E. Mosquito - vector

B. Fomite-droplet transmission

Handwashing is an effective way to prevent A. neither vertical nor horizontal transmission of a disease. B. horizontal transmission of a disease. C. vertical transmission of a disease. D. both vertical and horizontal transmission of a disease.

B. Horizontal transmission of a disease

What graph would show a steady increase in number of cases over time, followed by a slow tapering? A. Common-source epidemic B. Propagated epidemic

B. Propagated epidemic

Please read the following scenario: "Molly developed gastroenteritis after eating raw cookie dough. Upon culture of her stool, the causative agent was shown to be Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium. Presumably the Salmonella was in the uncooked eggs in the raw cookie dough." What is the reservoir for the infection in this case? A. The eggs B. The chickens from which the eggs came C. The cookie dough D. The infected individual (Molly)

B. The chickens from which the eggs came

What kind of vector is from a fly on your skin?

Biological vector

A recent report showed that in some low- and middle-income countries where people have to pay for their own medications, generic forms of those drugs can be extremely expensive. Indeed, in some countries, generic medication prices in the public sector are as much as 400% higher than international reference prices. A result of this situation is that treatment of certain diseases in these countries is not possible. Which surveillance agency do you think would produce this type of report? A. Public health departments B. Hospital laboratories C. The World Health Organization D. Centers for Disease Control

C. The World Health Organization

What type of study is Comparison of diseased people with healthy controls to determine events leading to disease

Case-control study

Provides support for infectious disease laboratories and collects data on diseases that impact public health.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

What type of study is Groups of people with known risk factors followed over time to correlate disease cause with effect

Cohort study

An outbreak resulting from common exposure to a single source of an infection that occurred over a period of time.

Common-source epidemic

What type of study is Snapshot assessment of a particular population to determine associations between risk factors and disease

Cross-sectional study

Leptospirosis is a disease that can be contracted by swimming in lakes contaminated with urine of infected rodents. Signs and symptoms develop 2 to 4 weeks after exposure and include fever, headache, chills, and muscle aches. Based on this information, which of the following can you conclude? A. Acquisition of the disease is an example of vertical transmission. B. Diagnosis is based primarily on characteristic signs and symptoms. C. The disease is most common in areas lacking adequate sewage treatment. D. The reservoir of infection is fish. E. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease.

E. leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease

A new disease is discovered that is often fatal to humans. Its natural cycle involves baboons and mice, and the causative agent is transmitted between those hosts by mosquitoes. Humans acquire the disease after being bitten by a mosquito that has previously fed on an infected baboon. What is the vector of the disease? A. Humans B. Baboon C. Blood D. Mouse E. Mosquito

E. mosquito

Diseases constantly present in a population

Endemic

An usually large number of cases of a disease in a population

Epidemic

What type of epidemiological study is used to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment or intervention in preventing disease

Experimental studies

What type of study is assessment of effectiveness of preventative factor by comparing cohorts receiving either treatment or placebo

Experimental study

Consider the statements below. Which of the people described is LEAST likely to contract the disease? A. An unvaccinated child exposed to Haemophilus influenzae B. A person who did not receive the MMRV vaccine, exposed to a child with chickenpox C. A person eating raw fish infected with a fish tapeworm usually killed by cooking D. A formula-fed infant exposed to infectious diarrhea E. A person having unprotected sex with an HIV-infected person F. A person who contracts 30 cells of a pathogen that has an infectious dose of 100,000 cells

F. A person who contracts 3 cells of a pathogen that has an infectious dose of 100,000 cells

T/F: A scenario in which 100 people in a city of 100,000 contract a disease over a specific time period is more serious than a scenario in which 100 people in a city of 5,000 contract that disease in the same time period, because more people are at risk in the larger city

False

T/F: Healthcare worker A returns to work after a vacation in Africa. While on vacation, she contracts malaria, but she returns to work before being diagnosed and receiving treatment for the disease. She works on the burn ward of a hospital, where she is responsible for changing the patient's dressings. The patients under her care are at increased risk of acquiring malaria.

False

T/F: Highly contagious diseases (diseases that spread easily) often/always have a high case fatality rate.

False

T/F: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has no input in prevention policies implemented by hospital Infection Control Committees.

False

T/F: Transmission of infectious agents to patients in a healthcare setting is always the result of direct contact between the patients and healthcare workers.

False

Vibrio Cholerae

Feces

A non-living object that can be the source of infection

Fomite

Improper sanitation of medical devices that breach the first-line barriers of the normal host defense (e.g., urinary catheterization).

Fomite transmission

Report on isolation of pathogens with epidemiological significance in treated patients

Hospital laboratories

Group of cases of a disease in a specific population

Outbreak

An epidemic that spreads over several continents

Pandemic

An epidemic that is sustained over time by its spread from person to person.

Propagated epidemic

A state entity responsible for infection surveillance and control, as well as other health-related activities.

Public Health Departments

Report absentee rates for young children, alerting surveillance personnel to impending or occurring outbreaks.

Public schools

The natural habitat of a pathogen or microorganism is called its ____________ and can either be living (humans, animals) or non-living (soil, water, air).

Reservoir

Correct order of the steps of the chain of infection

Reservoir of infectious agent, portal of exit, transmission, portral of entry, susceptible host

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Respiratory droplets

Neisseria Gonorrhoaeea

Semen and vaginal secretions

Staphylococcus aureus

Shed skin cells

A disease that occurs only from time to time

Sporadic diseases

T/F: A disease with a long incubation period is potentially more of a problem than one with a short incubation period.

True

T/F: some people are genetically immune to disease such as HIV/AIDS and malaria

True

What parts of body serve as portals of entry for microorganisms?

Vagina, nose, mouth, urethra, broken skin

Agency of the United Nations that provides worldwide guidance in the field of health.

World Health Organization

A disease of animals (other than humans) that can be transmitted to humans

Zoonosis

What type of epidemiological study is attempt to identify potential risk factors that lead to disease

Descriptive studies

What type of study is Data collected from an outbreak used to predict risk factors in spread of that disease

Descriptive study

Infection through contact with an infected individual such as another patient or a healthcare worker who is not observing proper universal precautions

Direct transmission