Ch. 2 challenge review

Turner's syndrome

(female gonadal dysgenesis) a chromosomal disease that occurs in females with a single sex chromosome, 45, XO. Results from loss of one X chromosome during development.

Explain the difference between cyanotic and acyanotic defects

1. in cyanotic defects -Central cyanosis is a sign that the atrial blood is not fully oxygenated -The infant appears cyanotic with a blue tinge to the lips, tongue, and nail beds 2. Acyanotic: -In this condition, oxygenated blood does not mix with deoxygenated blood and the infant usually maintains a fairly normal pink skin color. Cyanosis is not prevalent.

How many pairs of chromosomes does a child with Down syndrome have?

47

Penicillin

Acute tonsilitis (strep positive) is generally treated with __________ to prevent rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease.

What is the most common crippler of children?

Cerebral palsy

treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Closure may be attempted by drug therapy using an antiprostaglandin or ibuprofen. The other option is surgical closure of the ductus.

An antiprostaglandin

Closure of patent ductus arteriosus may be attempted by drug therapy using:

List the possible causes of congenital anomalies.

Congenital anomalies may be genetic, nongenetic, or a combination of both as a result of infection in the mother, drugs taken by the mother, age of the mother, or x-ray exposure early in pregnancy.

All females of childbearing age capable of becoming pregnant are encouraged to take?

Folic acid

What do the attempts to halt premature labor include?

Having the mother on complete bed rest;Using drug therapy to slow or halt contractions; Giving the mother a short course of steroids to aid fetal lung maturation

What is another name for infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)?

Hyaline membrane disease

What often is a cause of sudden death in a teen age athlete?

Hypertrophic cardio myopathy

characteristics of Acyanotic defects

In this condition, oxygenated blood does not mix with deoxygenated blood and the infant usually maintains a fairly normal pink skin color. Cyanosis is not prevalent.

Aspirin

Medications that contain ______________ may mask the symptoms of Reye's syndrome and are generally avoided in the treatment of chickenpox.

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

The collapse of a seemingly healthy young athlete during a strenuous sporting event or other period of stressful exercise

Identify the organism responsible for causing chickenpox.

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) or human herpes virus 3 (HHV-3)

Cerebral palsy

a disorder of the brain and nervous system function that deal with motor skills.

condition of prematurity

describes the birth of low-weight, undeveloped, and short-gestation infant.

treatment of premature birth

drug therapy, nutritional support, and supplemental oxygen.

Treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

includes the attempted closure of the ductus with medication or with surgery.

Describe patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

results when the functional closure of the ductus fails to occur; thus the circulation of oxygen is compromised because oxygenated blood is allowed to recirculate through the lungs.

characteristics of cyanotic defects

-Central cyanosis is a sign that the atrial blood is not fully oxygenated -The infant appears cyanotic with a blue tinge to the lips, tongue, and nail beds

List possible causes of diaper rash.

-Diaper rash may be triggered by friction or prolonged exposure to moisture, feces, or the ammonia produced by bacterial action on urine -Poorly washed or rinsed diapers or the use of occlusive plastic pants over the diapers may contribute. -Poor hygiene or overzealous cleaning could irritate the diaper area.

What is the purpose of amniocentesis? Describe the procedure.

-Early in pregnancy, amniocentesis is used for diagnosis of chromosomal and other fetal problems such as Down syndrome. -Using a needle and guided by ultrasound, fluid is aspirated from the amniotic sac during the fifteenth to eighteenth week of pregnancy.

Explain the differences between Klinefelter's syndrome and Turner's syndrome.

-Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY condition) is male hypogonadism, appearing in males after puberty with at least two X chromosomes and one or more Y chromosomes (typically the 47,XXY pattern). -Turner's syndrome (female gonadal dysgenesis) a chromosomal disease that occurs in females with a single sex chromosome, 45, XO. Results from loss of one X chromosome during development.

Explain the differences between muscular dystrophy and cerebral palsy.

-Muscular dystrophy is a progressive degeneration and weakening of the skeletal muscles. -Cerebral palsy is a disorder of the brain and nervous system function that deal with motor skills.

Describe neural tube defects and list conditions resulting from this condition.

-Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain and spinal cord. They happen in the first month of pregnancy. -The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly. -In spina bifida, the fetal spinal column doesn't close completely. -In anencephaly, most of the brain and skull do not develop.

Describe patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and its treatment.

-PDA results when the ductus fails to functionally close. -During normal fetal circulation, the patent ductus short-circuits shunting the circulation from the lungs and instead directs blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. -Closure may be attempted by drug therapy using an antiprostaglandin or ibuprofen. The other option is surgical closure of the ductus.

Describe patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and its treatment.

-PDA results when the functional closure of the ductus fails to occur; thus the circulation of oxygen is compromised because oxygenated blood is allowed to recirculate through the lungs. -Treatment includes the attempted closure of the ductus with medication or with surgery.

List signs of childhood anemia.

-Pallor, weakness, fatigability, and listlessness are noted initially in the anemic child or infant. -Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in children

List the symptoms and signs of anemia; describe the pathology of leukemia.

-Pallor, weakness, fatigability, and listlessness are noted initially in the anemic child or infant. -Palpitations, tachycardia, cardiac enlargement, jaundice, and mental sluggishness are symptoms of severe anemia. -Leukemia is a primary malignant disease of bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of immature white blood cells or undifferentiated blastocytes.

Discuss the types of worm infestations that may occur and how they are treated.

-Roundworms, pinworms, hookworms, and tapeworms all can take up residence in the GI tract. -A complete course of antihelmintic agents is given -Frequent showering and hand washing are advised. -The worms and eggs also can be destroyed by the process of laundering clothing and linens in hot water with bleach.

Name and describe the most common congenital cyanotic cardiac defect.

-Tetralogy of Fallot -it is a combination of four congenital heart defects: (1) VSD, an abnormal opening in the ventricular septum; (2) pulmonary stenosis, a tightening of the pulmonary valve or vessel; (3) dextroposition (displacement to the right) of the aorta, which overrides (receiving circulation from both ventricles) the VSD; and (4) right ventricular hypertrophy, caused by increased pressure in the ventricle

What is the cause of cerebral palsy?

Normally, inadequate blood or oxygen supply to the brain during fetal development, birth process, or in early childhood

Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY condition)

is male hypogonadism, appearing in males after puberty with at least two X chromosomes and one or more Y chromosomes (typically the 47,XXY pattern).

Name some warning signs of lead poisoning.

loss of appetite, vomiting, irritability, and ataxic gait.

List the major clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis.

manifestations include a dry paroxysmal cough, exercise intolerance, pneumonia, bulky diarrhea, vomiting, and bowel obstruction

Describe the symptoms of mumps and discuss the progression of the disease.

Symptoms: Tenderness in front of neck and below ears, pain when swallowing -Often the infection is a subclinical illness without noticeable symptoms -Patients also may experience a rash, headache, muscle aches, and a low-grade fever, with loss of appetite and an earache that is aggravated by chewing. -A common complication of the disease in the adult male is mumps orchitis, which may lead to sterility. -The incubation period is long, usually 14 to 21 days. The patient is contagious for 1 to 7 days before the swelling of the parotid glands and up to 9 days thereafter. -Lifelong immunity develops after a clinical or subclinical infection; active immunization with the mumps vaccine also affords prolonged immunity.

anencephaly

most of the brain and skull of the fetus do not develop.

The two most common neural tube defects

spina bifida and anencephaly.

Mumps is a childhood disease that is best prevented by:

the MMR vaccine

spina bifida

the fetal spinal column doesn't close completely.

pulmonary stenosis

tightening of the pulmonary valve or vessel

dextroposition (displacement to the right) of the aorta,

which overrides (receiving circulation from both ventricles) the VSD

What is the cause of Down syndrome?

-it is a genetic syndrome where the individual has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46, resulting in a congenital form of mild to severe mental retardation that is accompanied by characteristic facial features and distinctive physical abnormalities. -an extra chromosome number 21 (trisomy 21)

Explain the etiology of erythroblastosis fetalis.

-The cause is Rh factor incompatibility. -Rh factor is the antigen found on RBCs of the Rh-positive individual. -The mother, through a prior pregnancy, has become sensitized to the Rh factor (Rh isoimmunization) of the fetal RBCs. -When sensitized maternal blood finds its way into fetal circulation, particularly during delivery, the antibodies in the mother's blood destroy the RBCs of the fetus -If an Rh-negative woman has children with an Rh-positive man --some or all of the infants will be Rh positive. --During pregnancy, blood from the Rh-positive fetus may move from fetal circulation into the mother's bloodstream, where it can stimulate the mother's body to form antibodies against the Rh factor. --When sufficient quantities of the antibodies pass back into the infant's circulation, the antibodies can clump and destroy Rh-positive cells, causing the symptoms of erythroblastosis fetalis.

Describe the condition of prematurity and list its causes. List the associated disorders. Identifying their causes, and discuss the treatment options.

-The condition of prematurity describes the birth of low-weight, undeveloped, and short-gestation infant. -Causes include incompetent cervix, bicornate uterus, and toxic conditions. -Treatment include drug therapy, nutritional support, and supplemental oxygen.

ventricular septal defect

-The most common congenital cyanotic cardiac defect -this is an abnormal opening between the right and the left ventricles, which allows shunting of blood from the left (where the pressure is higher) to the right side of the heart.

. Explain symptoms of Wilms tumor

-The most common presentation is a mass in the kidney region -symptoms may occur as a result of compression caused by the tumor mass, metabolic alterations due to the tumor, or metastasis and can include: hematuria, pain in the abdomen or chest, hypertension, anemia, vomiting, intestinal obstruction, constipation, weight loss, and fever.

How is hydrocephalus treated?

-Treatment consists of surgical intervention to place a shunt in the ventricular or subarachnoid spaces to drain off the excessive CSF. -Some catheters empty into the peritoneal cavity, and other shunt catheters empty into the right atrium of the heart -One-way valves help to shunt the excessive CSF away from the cerebrospinal canal and to maintain a normal pressure.

Trace fetal circulation.

-Umbilical vein carries blood supply from placenta to liver and ductus venosus to vena cava and right heart atrium. -Right atrium blood shunted to left heart atrium via foramen ovale. -Blood shunted away from the pulmonary circulation bypasses lungs via ductus arteriosus connecting pulmonary trunk to aortic arch.

Describe the clinical condition of congenital rubella syndrome.

-Women of childbearing age who have not been immunized against rubella or who have not had the disease can transmit rubella to their infant if they become infected during pregnancy -Anomalies caused by congenital rubella syndrome include congenital cardiac disease, blindness, deafness, and mental retardation.

Leukemia

-a cancer of blood-forming tissues, is the most common childhood malignancy. -It is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of immature WBCs or undifferentiated blastocytes. -Bone marrow infiltration by leukemic cells leads to anemia, susceptibility to infection resulting from neutropenia, and prolonged bleeding time resulting from the reduction in the amount of platelets -Two general types of leukemia are found in children, acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).

Why is a throat culture important for a child with tonsillitis?

-a throat culture is performed to identify the causative organism -this is important because group A beta-hemolytic streptococci the most common cause and it is important to initiate a full 10 day course of penecillin as soon as possible to prevent rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, and kidney complications

Neural tube defects

-birth defects of the brain and spinal cord. -They happen in the first month of pregnancy.

Explain cryptorchidism, how it is treated, and what may happen if left untreated.

-failure of one or both of the testicles to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum. -The condition may be unilateral or bilateral. -During infancy and early childhood, there are no symptoms, just the absence of the testes. -The condition is more common in premature infants. -The testes often descend spontaneously during the first year of life. If this does not happen by 4 years of age, the treatment is to place the undescended testes into the scrotum by either surgical manipulation (orchiopexy) or hormonal drug therapy (B-HCG or testosterone). -Treatment is important because untreated cryptorchidism may lead to sterility in the adult male -There is an increased risk of testicular cancer in untreated cryptorchidism

What is congenital pyloric stenosis and how is it treated?

-it is a gastric obstruction associated with narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the exit of the stomach. -Treatment consists of: --relief of the obstruction by surgical intervention; the affected bowel is excised, and the normal colon is joined to the anus. --A temporary colostomy is performed proximal to the aganglionic section of the colon. --Electrolyte and fluid balance must be maintained. --After the colon recovers function (6 months to 1 year), the colostomy is closed.

If an Rh-negative woman has children with an Rh-positive man

-some or all of the infants will be Rh positive. -During pregnancy, blood from the Rh-positive fetus may move from fetal circulation into the mother's bloodstream, where it can stimulate the mother's body to form antibodies against the Rh factor. -When sufficient quantities of the antibodies pass back into the infant's circulation, the antibodies can clump and destroy Rh-positive cells, causing the symptoms of erythroblastosis fetalis.

Describe the symptoms of chickenpox.

-systemic disease with superficial cutaneous lesions that begin as red macules that progress to papules and then finally become vesicles that form crusts. -The lesions first are seen on the face or the trunk and then spread over the extremities; they can be distributed everywhere on the body and even have been found internally. -A day or two before the rash appears, the patient may experience fever, malaise, and anorexia. -The lesions can continue to erupt for 3 to 4 days and cause intense itching

Describe the clinical condition of congenital rubella syndrome.

-the child has a rose-colored, slightly elevated rash that appears first on the face and head and then progresses downward on the body -In addition, the child has a low-grade fever and can have tenderness and enlargement of the lymph nodes. -Complications include transient arthritis, myocarditis, and hemorrhagic manifestations.

Describe the infant born with fetal alcohol syndrome.

-the infants are short and below average in weight -Facial characteristics of FAS include smaller eye openings with eyes spaced widely apart and a thin upper lip -The infant may experience growth deficiencies and CNS problems. -Heart defects including ASD and VSD may be present. -FAS also is associated with mental retardation. -The infant may exhibit signs of alcohol withdrawal shortly after birth.

Childhood obesity is a major health concern. List some recommended guidelines to assist parents provide proper nutrition for their children.

-they are encouraged to provide nutritious food for their children, as well as limiting the time the child spends watching TV, playing computer type of games, and sitting at a computer. -Five or more servings of fruit and vegetables are recommended to be eaten each day

Discuss the incidence, etiology, treatment, and risks of asthma.

1 incidence: It is a leading cause of chronic illness and school absenteeism in children 2. etiology: -A hereditary factor is strongly associated with the disease. -Asthma is the result of hyperactive and hypersensitive bronchial tubes. 3. treatment: --drug therapy -avoiding infection, known allergens, and other triggers is strongly advised. -immunotherapy by desensitization injections, commonly called allergy shots -In a severe attack unresponsive to drug therapy, a condition called status asthmaticus may lead to fatal respiratory failure and thus the need for endotracheal intubation. 4. risks: -bronchial spasms of asthma can be triggered by many extrinsic (allergic) or intrinsic (nonallergic) factors, including stress, heavy exercise, infection, and inhalation of allergens or other substances. -Allergens may include pollen, cockroaches and their excrement, molds, household dust mites, and pet dander. -Additional "triggers" include air pollutants and irritants (perfumes, colognes, and aftershaves), smoke and secondhand smoke, cold air, emotional upset, and exercise.

Compare croup and epiglottitis.

1. Epiglottitis is an inflammation of the epiglottis, the thin, leaf-shaped structure that covers the entrance of the larynx during swallowing. -symptoms include a sore throat, croupy cough, fever, and respiratory distress caused by laryngeal obstruction 2. Croup is an acute, severe inflammation and obstruction of the respiratory tract. -symptoms include hoarseness, fever, a harsh, high-pitched cough, and stridor during inspiration caused by narrowing of the upper airways.

Compare rubeola and rubella.

1. Rubella , -resembles measles (Rubeola) clinically, but it has a shorter course and fewer complications. -the child has a rose-colored, slightly elevated rash that appears first on the face and head and then progresses downward on the body 2. Measles (Rubleola) -early symptoms include cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and photophobia. -The child has a fever, followed in 3 to 7 days by a red, blotchy rash. -The rash starts behind the ears, hairline, and forehead and then progresses down the body

What does adenoid hyperplasia cause?

Adenoid hyperplasia is an abnormal enlargement of the lymphoid tissue located in the space above the soft palate of the mouth, causing a partial breathing blockage, especially in children.

Muscular dystrophy

a progressive degeneration and weakening of the skeletal muscles.

VSD (ventricular septal defect)

an abnormal opening in the ventricular septum

Causes of prematurity

causes include incompetent cervix, bicornate uterus, and toxic conditions.