Ch. 2 Outcome-Based Questions The Chemical Level of Organization

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To maintain homeostasis in the body, the normal pH range of the blood must remain at

7.35 to 7.45.

Which of the following is a synthesis reaction?

A+B--> AB.

The most important high-energy compound in cells is

ATP.

The chemical notation that indicates "one molecule of hydrogen composed of two hydrogen atoms" is

H2.

which one of the following molecules is drawn correctly to show the proper covalent bonding?

N=N

The nitrogen base found in RNA but not in DNA is

Uracil

A decomposition reaction is one in which

a molecule is broken down into smaller fragments.

A solution with a pH below 7 is

acidic.

The high-energy compound produced by the body is __________ triphosphate.

adenosine

If a substance has apH greater than 7, it is

alkaline or basic.

Proteins differ from carbohydrates in that they

always contain nitrogen.

The building blocks of proteins consist of chains of small molecules called

amino acids.

A solute that dissociates to release hydrogen ions and causes a decrease in pH is

an acid.

The activation energy requirement of a reaction is much lower in the presence of

an appropriate enzyme.

Synthesis of new compounds in the body

anabolism.

The smallest units of matter whose identities cannot be altered by a chemical change are

atoms.

A solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution is a

base.

Inorganic ions are important in the function of

blood clotting, muscle contractions, and nerve impulse conduction.

A substance that helps stabilize pH is called a

buffer.

Resists change in pH

buffer.

Compounds that stabilize pH by either removing or replacing hydrogen ions are

buffers.

Organic compounds differ from inorganic compounds in that organic compounds are primarily composed of

carbon and hydrogen atoms and are much larger and more complex.

An example of a weak acid that serves as an effective buffer in the body is

carbonic acid.

Decomposition reaction within cells

catabolism.

The decomposition reaction of complex molecules within cells is called

catabolism.

Enzymes belong to a class of substances called ________, which accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed.

catalysts.

Positively charged ion

cation.

Ions with a positive charge are called

cations.

Chemicals form functional units called

cells.

The number and arrangement of electrons determine the

chemical behavior of an atom.

any chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more elements, regardless of how the atoms achieve stability, is a

compound.

atoms that complete their outer shells by sharing electrons with other atoms result in molecules held together

covalent bond.

DNA contains the five-carbon sugar

deoxyribose.

During ionization, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a solute and a mixture of ions is produced. These ions are called

electrolytes.

Soluble inorganic compounds whose ions will conduct an electric current in solution are

electrolytes.

A chemical ________ is a substance that consists entirely of atoms with the same atomic number.

element

The areas surrounding the center of an atom represent ________ levels.

energy

Carbohydrates are most important to the body because they serve as primary sources of

energy.

Acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reaction

enzyme.

Special proteins that are involved in metabolic regulation are called

enzymes.

When the rate of a synthesis reation balances the rate of a decomposition reactions, the result is

equilibrium.

Shuffling around of reacting molecule

exchange reaction.

Exergonic reactions, which are common in the body, are responsible for

generating the heat that maintains your body temperature.

The disaccharide sucrose consists of fructose bonded to

glucose.

The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is

glucose.

The polysaccharide formed by stored glucose in the liver and muscle is

glycogen.

In DNA and RNA, a nucleotide containing the nitrogen base cytosine would only base-pair with

guanine

The greater the concentration of ________ ions in solution, the lower the pH.

hydrogen

pH is a measure of the concentration of _________ in solution.

hydrogen ions

Acids, bases, and salts are examples of _______ compounds.

inorganic

A salt may best be described as an

inorganic molecule created by the reaction of an acid and a base.

An atom or molecule that has a positive or a negative charge is a

ion.

When one atom loses an electron and another accepts that electron, the result is the formation of an

ionic bond.

The attraction of cations to anions illustrates the formation of

ionic bonds.

Two atoms of same element with different number of neutrons

isotope.

Tow atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called

isotopes.

Energy of motion

kinetic energy.

A steroid molecule is an example of a

lipid.

Fats and steroids are examples of

lipids.

The prontons and neutrons of an atom determine the

mass number of an atom.

Chemical structures that contain more than one atom bonded together by shared electrons are

molecules.

When a chemical reation occurs, the chemical structures that contain more than one atom are called

molecules.

Each amino acid differs from others in the

nature of the R group.

When phosphorus become an ion, it exhibits a _________ charge.

negative

A solution with a pH of 7 that contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is called

neutral.

The mass number of an atom changes if its number of ________ changes.

neutrons

Isotpes of an element differ in the number of

neutrons in the nucleus.

The molecules that store and process information at the molecular level are the

nucleic acids.

The synthesis of all cellular proteins is directed by

nucleic acids.

Neutrons and protons are located in the _________ of an atom.

nucleus

The center of an atom is called the

nucleus.

The symbol Na+ refers to

one sodium ion (has lost an electron).

Compounds that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and usually oxygen are ______ compounds.

organic

The attachment of a carboxylic acid group of one amino acid to the amino acid group of another forms a connection called a

peptide bond.

Unequal sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms forms a

polar covalent bond.

when an atom loses an electron, it exhibits a _________ charge.

positive

Stored energy

potential energy.

The atomic number represents the number of

prontons and neutrons.

A _______ consists of a chain of molecules called amino acids.

protein

The chemicals that form an internal supporting framework and act as enzymes to accelerate and control the chemical reactions that maintain homeostasis are

protein.

The subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom include

protons and neutrons.

The three subatomic particles that are stable constituents of atomic structures are

protons, neutrons, and electrons.

when an enzyme promotes a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, it only affects the

rate of the reaction.

Butter, fatty meat, and ice cream are examples of sources of tatty acids that are said to be

saturated.

In the body, inorganic compounds

serve as buffers.

Dissolved material in solution

solute.

Most chemical reactions in the body take place in

solution.

a homogenous mixture containing a solvent and a solute is called a

solution.

Liquid portion of solution

solvent.

Special molecules called enzyme found in cell

speed up the reactions that support life.

The substance that is acted upon by an enzyme

substrate.

The three basic components of a single nucleotide of a nucleic acid are

sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base.

Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of

triglycerides.

The symbol 2H means

two atoms of hydrogen.

The balanced equation 2H2 + O2--> 2H2O means that

two molecules of hydrogen and one molecules of oxygen have combined chemically to form two molecules of water.

Which of the following substances would be the least acidic?

urine with a pH of 6.

The unique property of water that is particularly important to the human body include

water has a very high heat capacity.

The most important inorganic compound found in large quantity in the body is

water.


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