CH 20, 21 Test Review
George Mecini
-wanted to unify Italy - nationalist (had a sense of nationalism)
Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?
Combination Acts of 1799
What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?
Much of the growth in the gross natural product was eaten up by population growth.
In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure conclude about conditions in most factories?
They ere not harsh and even quite good.
Excerpt from Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm's Children's Stories and Household Tales... The Grimms saw folktales as windows into
the distant German past
What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?
All men must be given the right to vote.
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.
Who were the Luddites?
British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
How did cotton transform the textile industry?
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.
Excerpt from the testimony of Ann Eggley... Which of the following is implied by Eggley's testimony?
Everyone in her family was required to work in order to get by.
Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?
France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation.
How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?
It became harder to form new firms, and instead, industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.
What was the function of the Crystal Palace?
It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London.
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
In December 1825, some three thousand Russian army officers inspired by liberal ideas staged a protest against which new tsar?
Nicholas I
As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?
There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.
In her advice to women in the middle class, Sarah Stickney Ellis states: Based on this passage, what did Ellis believe was a woman's primary obligation each day?
To think about how best to help those who need assistance.
What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit?
Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
In 1848, how did the Hungarian revolutionaries envision a future Hungary?
as a unified, centralized Hungarian nation
In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832
gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation
Excerpt from the Karlsbad Decrees... This passage suggests that the authors of the decrees saw the universities as
potential centers of political subversion
In 1849, the revolution in Hungary was brought under control with the help of 130,000 troops sent by
the Russian Empire
The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded
universal male suffrage
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
usually a response to the wishes of the families
At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies
were guided by the principle of the balance of power
Map 21.2
- Germans, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Ruthians, Croats and Serbs
Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?
Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.
Who invented the spinning jenny?
James Hargreaves
What did Henry Cort develop?
The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established
by violent revolution.
Excerpt from the Karlsbad Decrees... This passage amounts to a sweeping attempt at
censorship
Excerpt from Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm's Children's Stories and Household Tales... The Grimms linked Snow White and Sleeping Beauty to
characters from German myths
The reformer Robert Owens sought to
create a single large national union for British workers
In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work?
farming and agriculture
In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent
featured varying degrees of government involved.
How did the French provisional government respond to the worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848?
it established national workshops to provide employment in public works projects.
Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that
population tends to increase beyond the mass of subsistence
the Factory
- doesn't matter what the Factory is, what matters is the rules - "Don't pee in the corner" (soiling)
What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?
Capital and skills in salesmanship
In the nineteenth century, what did Eugene Delacroix's work typically feature?
Dramatic, colorful scenes
Map 21.2, which nationalities dominated the Habsburg monarchy?
Germans and Hungarans
How did industry grow in continental Europe?
Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.
In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of
Great Britain, France, and Russia
Map 21.1, which countries were considered the Great Powers of Europe in the first half of the eighteenth century?
Great Britain, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, France, and the Austrian Empire
The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
Industrial dominance of Britain
Potato Famine
- in Ireland - all they ate were potatoes - No potatoes = starvation - the more people, the less potatoes there was
Map 21.1
- owing to its large size, the Austrian Empire was able to influence the actions of the Kingdom of Prussia, thus holding a greater position within the German Confederation.
During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?
Workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms.
Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because
of a love of Greek classical culture.
How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830?
He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory.
What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?
James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s.
In 1830, an unsuccessful revolution failed to re-create the country of
Poland
What did Klemens von Metternich and Alexander I proclaim at the Troppau Conference in 1820?
Their support for the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever threatened
The romantic movement was characterized by
a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination
The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819
defined an idea of German nationalism built around a common language, culture, and set of values.
In 1848, what reform did the French government refuse that created a sense of class injustice?
electoral reform
The romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as the
spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility.
In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought
to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.
In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships,
women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born.
How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?
Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.
Excerpt from Peter Gaskell's The Manufacturing Population of England.. Which of the following claims did Gaskell make?
The preindustrial textile worker lived a substantial, moral, and satisfying life.
Composers in the romantic movement
abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions
Who was William Cockerill?
an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium
The British Corn Laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of
forbidding the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain.
The following rights were listed in an 1848 political pamphlet entitled Demands of the German People... This list of rights suggests that its authors believed in
radical equality
According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in
the economy as little as possible.
Victor Hugo's political evolution was exactly the opposite of Wordsworth's, whose
youthful radicalism gave way to middle-aged caution.
What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?
A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed.
In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty?
Extension cultivation of the humble potato provided sufficient nutrition for population growth.
Germaine de Stael urged the French to throw away worn-out classical models and extolled the spontaneity and enthusiasm of the writers and thinkers of
Germany
Excerpt from the testimony of Sir Robert Peel during an 1818 debate in the House of Commons... What claim did Peel make in this testimony?
He asserted that children could not work in a factory for fifteen hours without doing harm to their health and constitution.
Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?
In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo.
What was an effect of the Factory Act of 1833?
It limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories.
The Quadruple Alliance, the nations that defeated Napoleon, included
Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain
Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where is the largest emerging industrial area located?
The Ruhr
On Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the largest industrial area?
The area surrounding Manchester and Liverpool
What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon believe in the nineteenth century?
The key to progress was proper social organization.
Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?
The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality.
How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?
The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products.
What was the result of the "June Days" in France in 1848?
The triumph of the republican army under General Louis Cavaignac, after street fighting and the death or injury of more than ten thousand people.
The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to
avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France.
Industrial development in continental Europe was slowed for two decades by
the Napoleonic Wars.
What was the driving force in history according in Marx in the nineteenth century?
the economic relationship between classes
Excerpt from Peter Gaskell's The Manufacturing Population of England.. According to Gaskell, by what criteria was the period 1760-1800 the "golden times of manufacturers" ?
As measured by the morality of workers
Why was the Frankfurt Parliament in 1849 unable to create a "Greater Germany"?
Determined to maintain its empire, Austria would not agree to a Greater Germany that separated German-speaking lands from non-German territories in the empire.
What was the effect of France's Constitutional Charter in the post-Napoleonic period?
It secured most of the grains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the French Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom.
What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists?
Their utopian schemes were not realistic
What did the early French socialist thinkers find disturbing about the emerging industrial society?
They believed that industrial society fomented selfish individualism and split the community into isolated fragments.
The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it
banned children under nine years of age from employment
Which social groups composed the revolutionary alliance during the revolutions of 1848 in Central Europe?
students and urban workers
Based on Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the most important components of the Industrial Revolution other than coalmining?
textiles, iron, and machinery
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that
the British middle class were guilt of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."
Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where are the most important emerging industrial areas in France located?
Paris, Lyons, Lille
How did older members of the population seek to control sexuality of the working class youths?
They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment.
What was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?
Establishment of limited liability investment
Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to...?
find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture.
According to Joseph Proudhon in the nineteenth century, property was
profit stolen from workers
What reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?
the right to vote for all adult men
Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor
improved only after 1840
What was the most important influence on the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain?
political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class
Charles Fourier, a utopian socialist, envisioned mathematically precise communities called "phalanxes" and also urged
the abolition of marriage, free unions based only on love, and sexual freedom.
David Ricardo's iron law of wages stated that
the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence level.