Ch 20 IH

1. a major function of the cardiovascular system is to ____. To fulfil this purpose, you have the following structures: The ____, provides pressure to pump the fluids into the large and elastic ____, which will carry blood to the body 2. the vessels leaving the heart will branch and become smaller in diameter, these are the ____. 3. The vessels will continue to branch and get smaller into ____. Eventually, they will become the ____, which are the sites of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange

transport fluids heart aorta arteries arterioles capillaries

During inflammation, ____ may be released and act as a vasodilator.

histamine

Select all that are forms of peripheral resistance

-blood viscosity -vessel length -vessel radius

A relatively small blood pressure gradient is generally insufficient to move blood through the veins under given conditions, thus venous return must be facilitated by ____ within veins and two "pumps." The skeletal muscle pump assists the movement of blood primarily within the ____. As skeletal muscles contract, veins are squeezed to help propel the blood ____ the heart. The respiratory pump assists the movement of blood within the ____. The ____ contracts and flattens as we inspire. Intra-abdominal pressure ____ and places pressure on the vessels within the ____. Conicomitantly, thoracic cavity volume increases and intrathoracic pressure ____. Blood is propelled from the abdominopelvic cavity into the thoracic cavity.

valves limbs toward thoracic cavity diapraghm increases abdominal cavity decreases

check all the could potentially result in an increase in arterial blood pressure

vasoconstriction of arterioles increase in cardiac rate increase in stroke volume

Resistance in the blood vessels is primarily controlled by altering

vessel radius

place the events of tissue autoregulation in the correct sequence

-increased metabolic activity of tissue -perfusion of tissue temporarily inadequate -decreased levels of oxygen and nutrients -local vasodilation -increased blood to capillaries -decreased levels of CO2, H+. and K+ -local vasoconstriction

Place the steps of angiotensin II formation in the correct sequence

-low blood pressure in kidney -renin released into the blood -conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I -ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II -vasocontriction occure and thirst center is stimulated

edema can be caused as a result of which event(s)

-obstruction of lympathic vessles, blocking lymphatic drainage -decreased plasma preotein concentration, causing a decrease in osmosis of interstitial fluid into capillaries -hypertension, causing an increase in tissue fluid at the arteriolar ends of capillaries

Rank in order the events involved in the production of angiotensin II

1. Kidneys detect low blood pressure 2. Renin is released from the kidney 3. Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I 4. Angiotensin II is formed after contract with angiotensin-converting enzyme

place the events of the autonomic blood pressure regulation in the correct sequence

1. blood pressure increases 2. blood vessel wall stretches 3. baroreceptors in vessels increase firing rates 4. sensory input send to cardiovascular center 5. cardioacceleratory center decreases nerve signals along sympatheic pathways 6. heart rate and stroke volume decreases 7. blood flow returns to resting levels

place the following vessels in the order through which blood would pass back to the heart

1. venous palmar arches 2. basilic vein 3. axillary vein 4. subclavian vein 5. brachiocephalic vein 6. superior vena cava

A patient's systolic pressure is 130 and diastolic pressure is 90. What is the pulse pressure

40

classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category

Angiotensin II -decreases urine output -vasoconstrictor -stimulates thirst center -mainly formed in the lungs Aldosterone -decreases urine output -produced in the adrenal cortex ADH -vasopressin -vasoconstriction -decreases urine output -released from the posterior pituitary ANP -vasodilator -increases urine output -secreted by the atrium

drag each label into the appropriate postition to identify whether the characteristic is indicative of arteries or veins.

Arteries -most carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body -have pulsatile flow of blood -exhibit greater ability to alter vessel diameter Veins -contain the majority of blood at any one time -usually denoted in blue systemically -collapsed when empty -rely on muscular pumps to propel blood

classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category filtration and reabsorption

Filtration -occurs at the arterial end of a capillary -movement of fluid out of blood Reabsorption -occurs at the venous end of a capillary -movement of fluid back into the blood

classify the terms or examples with the appropriate cateragory

Hydrostatic Pressure -mainly pushes material out of a capillary -physical force extered by a fluid on a structure -can promote filtration from a capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure -pull of water back into a tissue -typically promotes reabsorption

indicate whether the given condition would increase or decrease blood flow with all other factors being equal.

Increase flow -increasing blood pressure -increasing blood viscosity Decrease flow -increasing blood viscosity -dehydration -vasoconstriction -increased resistance

classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category vasodialtors and vasoconstrictors

Vasodilators -bradykinin -histamine -decreased nutrients levels Vasoconstrictors -endothelins -thromboxanes

select all the hormones that increase blood pressure

angiotensin II aldosterone antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Although net filtration occurs at the ____ end of a capillary and net reabsorptioin at its ____ end, not all of the fluid is reabsorbed. The capillary typically reabsorbs only about ____ of the fluid that has passed into the interstitial fluid. The ____ system is responsible for picking up ____ of this excess fluid and returning it to the blood.

arterial venous 85% lymphatic 15%

classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category

arteries -pulsatile -have a pulse pressure -have systolic and diastolic pressures veins -20-0 mm Hg capillaries -40-20mmHg -pressures determine net filtration -sufficient to drive exchange at tissues

Blood pressure is highest in the ____ and lowest in the ____.

arteries closest to the heart; veins

In both pulmonary and systemic circulation, gas exhange occurs at the

capillaries

-The volume of blood that leaves the ____ must be close to the volume that returns -Blood ____ comes from the volume of blood and the contractions of the ventricles and is known as ____ -This pressure forces fluid out of the capillaries especially at the ____ end. In the capillaries very large molecules, which are not lipid soluble, remain. An example of these would be ____. -These molecules are responsible for the ____, which draws water into the capillaries to help return fulids at the ____ end of the capillary.

capillary pressure; hydrostatic pressure arteriolar; plasma proteins colloidal osmotic pressure; venular

as the cross-sectional area of blood vessels increase, velocity of blood flow

decreases

When carbon dioxide accumulates in a tissue, local arterioles will ____, increasing perfusion and decreasing carbon dioxide levels

dilate

which of the following would cause a temporary increase in arterial blood pressure

increased blood volume increased cardiac output vasoconstriction

Angiotensin II and ADH (in high doses) ____ peripheral resistance and blood pressure; and angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ADH ____ urine output to help maintain blood volume and blood pressure. ANP stimulates ____, which decreases ____ and increases ____, which decreases blood ____. The net effect is a decrease in blood ____.

increases decreases vasodilation peripheral resistance urine output volume pressure

Typically fluid filters ____ the arterial end of a capillary Fluid will then osmotically reenter at the ____ end This fluid delivers materials to the cells and removes its ____ This shift in fluid balance at the arterial end is referred to as ____ pressure This is the physical force exerted by a ____ against a surface like a capillary wall.

out venous waste hydrostatic liquid

Blood flow ____ according to metabolic needs After a meal the ____ recieve priority and the skeletal muscles receive very little flow During exercise the skeletal muscles receive ____ blood flow Most of the redirection will occur in the ____

redirects intestines more arterioles

The ____ the radius of a vessel, the greater the resistance. As the radius of a vessel increases, the resistance ____. As the resistance decreases, the blood flow ____. The ____ the radius of a vessel, the less the resistance. Blood flow to an organ will decrease with ____. Blood flow to an organ will increase with ____.

smaller decreases increases larger vasoconstriction vasodilation

A long-term response to an increase in blood pressure would involve

stimulation of the atrial myocardium increases atrial natriuretic hormone

The highest pressure exerted on the arterial walls during the heart cycle is referred to as ____ When one-third of pulse pressure is added to the diastolic pressure, a good estimate of ____ is obtained The ____ is measured when the heart is relaxing and represents the lowest pressure exerted in the walls of the arteries during the heart cycle Subtracting the SBP form the DBP reults in ____ which is directly proportional to the overall strenght of one's pulse

systolic blood pressure mean arterial pressure diastolic blood pressure pulse pressure