Ch. 21-22
By reducing the cost of overland freight, the railroad A) created national markets. B) reduced the volume of world trade. C) strengthened regional economies. D) strengthened rural cottage industry. E) drove the British merchant marine out of business.
A.
Count Henri de Saint-Simon believed that A) the key to progress was proper social organization. B) sexual freedom was a necessary component of political freedom. C) society should return to seventeenth-century norms. D) nature should be worshiped as a god. E) ownership of private property was a crime.
A.
The repeal of the Corn Laws ushered in an era of A) agricultural depression. B) famine and economic depression. C) free trade. D) remarkable expansion of British agriculture. E) unparalleled repression.
C.
Which French socialist participated in the provisional government formed in Paris after the February 1848 abdication of King Louis Philippe? A) Henri de Saint-Simon. B) Joseph Proudhon. C) Louis Blanc. D) Charles Fourier. E) Karl Marx.
C.
William Cockerill was A) the inventor of the spinning jenny. B) the chief financial backer of the first commercial railway. C) an English carpenter who built cotton -spinning equipment. D) the prime minister of Britain who opposed the Factory Act of 1823. E) the British general at Waterloo.
C.
David Ricardo formulated the A) wage-price index. B) population poverty index. C) theory of positive checks. D) principle of population. E) iron law of wages.
E.
Romanticism was, in part a rejection of A) realism. b) nationalism. C) naturalism. D) humanism. E) classicism.
E.
The Holy Alliance included A) France and Britain. B) Russia, Greece, and Serbia. C) Mexico, Spain, and Austria. D) Spain, Austria, and Prussia. E) Austria, Russia, and Prussia.
E.
As a result of the English Reform Bill of 1832, A) the Commons became the most important legislative body. B) all males gained the right to vote. C) all Tires emerged as the dominant political party. D) the role of the monarch was reduced. E) the Corn Laws were repealed
A.
At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies A) were guided by the principle of the balance of power. B) resurrected the Holy Roman Empire. C) treated France very harshly. D) established constitutional monarchies in the areas conquered by Napoleon. E) sought to reduce armaments.
A.
Early socialists often drew inspiration from A) the emergency measures of 1793 and 1794. B) Oliver Cromwell's rule of England as Lord Protector. C) Thomas Malthus's diagnosis of the problems of population growth. D) Joseph Mazzini's Duties of Man. E) the writings of Karl Marx.
A.
Early textile factores in Britain worked with A) cotton. B) flax. C) silk. D) hemp. E) wool.
A.
Eugène Delacroix's greatest masterpiece celebrated the A) nobility of popular revolution. B) sensuality of women. C) transforming power of industrialization. D) exoticism of the Romantic movement. E) glory of Napoleon.
A.
In 1848, revolution in the Austrian Empire began in A) Hungary. B) Vienna. C) Serbia. D) Bohemia. E) Bucharest.
A.
Marx's theory of historical evolution was built on the philosophy of A) Hegel. B) Kant. C) Locke. D) Blanc. E) Proudhon.
A.
Metternich was Austrian foreign minister from A) 1809 to 1848. B) 1789 to 1815. C) 1830 to 1848. D) 1848-1870. E) 1812 to 1830.
A.
Most early industrialists drew on ____________ for labor and capital. A) family and friends B) national banks C) government loans D) the investing public E) government investment
A.
Scholarly debate about the origins of the sexual division of labor during the Industrial Revolution revolves around A) arguments ascribing the division to ingrained patriarchal traditions versus those ascribing it to economic and biological factors. B) arguments ascribing the division to traditional religious mores versus those ascribing it to owners; desire to hire adult males. C) arguments ascribing the division to the Factory Act of 1833 versus those ascribing it to the Combination Act of 1799. D) arguments ascribing the division to the return of soldiers to Britain at the end of the Napoleonic wars versus those ascribing it to women's desire to bea t home rearing their children. E) arguments ascribing the division to early socialist ideas versus arguments ascribing it to traditional religious mores.
A.
The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the A) industrial dominance of Britain. B) half-century of labor reforms in Britain. C) creation of the German Zollverein. D) Battle of Waterloo. E) launching of the Great Eastern.
A.
The demands of liberalism included all of the following except A) social welfare reform. B) representative government. C) individual freedoms, such as freedom of speech, press, and assembly. D) minimal government interference in the economy. E) equality before the law.
A.
The earliest steam engines were A) used to pump water out of coal mines. B) developed by James Watt. C) those used to propel locomotives. D) used as central power sources for the new factories. E) used to run mechanical spinning jennies.
A.
The key demand of the Chartist movement was A) that all men have the right to vote. B) an eighthour workday and a minimum wage. C) a ban on women and children working in the factories. D) repeal of the Combination Acts. E) freedom of religion.
A.
The trains of the 1830s traveled at about ________ miles per hour. A) sixteen B) twenty-two C) thirty-five D) fifty E) sixty
A.
Which of the following events occurred first? A) Watt invented modern steam engine. B) Combination Acts passed. C) Mines Acts passed. D) Great exposition held at Crystal Palace. E) Malthus published Essay on the Principle of Population
A.
According to Joseph Proudhon, property was A) a natural right. B) profit stolen from workers. C) derived from labor invested in land and products. D) a gift from god. E) a sign of the owner's virtue and conscientiousness.
B.
According to the text, industrialization facilitated the spread of nationalism because A) prominent industrialists financed many nationalist movements. B) newly arrived workers in cities required a common national language with which to communicate. C) nationalists and industrialists both had an interest in promoting increased military spending. D) factory workers supported economic nationalism as a way to protect their jobs. E) it led to the development of larger armies.
B.
After Austria, _______ was the most important German state. A) Bohemia B) Prusia C) the Rhineland D) Saxony E) Alsace
B.
All of the following facilitated the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain except A) the existence of extensive colonial markets for manufactured goods. B) extensive investment of foreign capital in Britain. C) the network of canals constructed from the 1770s D) large deposits of iron and coal in England and Wales E) a prosperous and efficient agriculture.
B.
Austria and France intervened in Italy and Spain, respectively, in order to A) prevent foreign conquest of these countries. B) suppress liberal and nationalistic revolutions in both areas. C) enforce the compensation agreements agreed to at Vienna. D) divert attention from economic problems in Vienna and Paris. E) establish constitutional monarchies.
B.
Because working conditions were poor in the early textile factories A) factory owners paid people well to work in them. B) factory owners turned to orphaned children as an importnat part of their workforce. C) factory owners turned to African slaves as an important part of their workforce. D) factory owners turned to irish immigrants as an important part of their workforce. E) factory owners turned to peasant women as an important part of their workforce.
B.
In 1815 Napoleon escaped from the island of A) Saint Helen. B) Elba. C) Sardinia. D) Corsica. E) Malta.
B.
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that A) the social problems in Britain were not a product of the Industrial Revolution. B) the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery." C) in general, the living conditions of the working class were slowly improving. D) the class consciousness of the working class would lead to social revolution. E) the working class was itself responsible for most of the the problems its members faced.
B.
James Watt solved the inefficiency problems of the early steam engines by A) increasing the size of the engines. B) adding a separate condenser. C) using a better grade of coal for fuel. D) using accurate, precision parts. E) uniting the combustion chamber with the piston cylinder.
B.
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established A) through electoral victories and control of legislatures. B) by violent revolution. C) by the cooperation of all classes to alleviate poverty and exploitation. D) through the efforts of enlightened rulers. E) by a gradual process of concentration of ownership of economic enterprises.
B.
Railroad construction on the continent A) was much cheaper than it had been in Britain B) featured varying degrees of government involvement. C) was generally the work of private entrepreneurs. D) generally followed the British pattern. E) was actually ahead of the British railroad construction.
B.
Scholarly statistical studies of the condition of members of the British working class indicate that A) their standard of living improved steadily from the beginning of industrialization. B) improvement did not come until the period after 1820. C) the standard of living for British workers deteriorated throughout the nineteenth century. D) only skilled workers enjoyed improvements in their standard of living. E) the Industrial Revolution made little difference in the living standards of the working class.
B.
The Battle of Peterloo refers to the A) last-gasp attempt of Napoleon I to retain his empire. B) workingclass demonstration that was broken up by cavalry charges. C) bloody repression of the Parisian workers during the Revolution of 1848. D) victory of the Anti-Corn Law League. E) parliamentary debates over laws to limit child labor.
B.
The Carlsbad Decrees A) sparked the Revolutions of 1848. B) instituted repressive measures in the German Confederation. C) were the artistic manifesto of the Romantic movement. D) established a constitutional monarchy in France. E) established the Holy Alliance.
B.
The Habsburg monarchy exploited ______ divisions to defeat the revolutionary coalition. A) class B) ethnic C) ideological D) personal E) economic
B.
The Mines Act of 1842 A) prohibited underground work for women. B) prohibited underground worker for women as well as boys under ten. C) prohibited underground work for boys under ten. D) prohibited underground work for boys under sixteen. E) established new safety rules for underground work.
B.
The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the A) industrialization of the continent. B) establishment of limited liability investment. C) replaced the old managers with young, agressive investment bankers. D) recruitment of bank deposits from the landed aristocracy. E) influx of British investment.
B.
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was A) originally a government-sponsored response to urbanization. B) usually a response to the wishes of the families. C) replaced by the system of pauper apprenticeship. D) outlawed by the Combination Acts. E) highly inefficient.
B.
British economist Thomas Malthus argued that A) population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels. B) using young children in factories was immoral. C) population always grew faster than the food supply. D) the standard of living was a reflection of industrial capacity. E) Methodism was a key factor in keeping the working class from revolting.
C.
In the eighteenth century, a shortage of __________ held British industry back. A) coal B) water C) wood D) iron E) steel
C.
The Amalgamated Society of Engineers represented A) all factory workers. B) railway operators. C) skilled machinists. D) construction specialists. E) factory owners.
C.
The Factory Act of 1833 A) outlawed employment of children under thirteen. B) limited the workday for children between six and nine to four hours a day. C) limited the workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours a day. D) limited the workday for children under sixteen to eight hours a day. E) established lower pay scales for children under sixteen.
C.
The National Assembly that met in Frankfurt in 1848 was made up of all of the following except A) labor union leaders. B) lawyers. C) doctors. D) government officials. E) business leaders.
C.
The doctrine of laissez faire holds that there should be A) government intervention in all aspects of the economy. B) government intervention in the industry, but not in agriculture. C) as little government intervention in the economy as possible. D) government intervention in agriculture, but not in industry. E) state planning of the economy.
C.
The first modern factores arose in the A) furnituremaking industry. B) steel industry. C) textile industry. D) railroad industry. E) chemical industry.
C.
The men who built the European railroads were typically A) slaves imported from Africa. B) army soldiers. C) rural laborers and peasants. D) urban factory workers. E) Slavs hired from eastern Europe.
C.
The peace settlement arranged at Vienna in 1815 included all of the following except A) Prussia was given extensive territories in the Rhineland. B) acceptance of an enlarged France. C) national self-determination. D) numerous territorial exchanges to maintain equilibrium. E) unification of Belgium and Holland under a single monarchy.
C.
According tot he text, the world's first important railroad, completed in 1830, ran between A) Baltimore and Washington, D.C. B) London and Edinburgh. C) Moscow and St. Petersburg. D) Liverpool and Manchester. E) Paris and Bordeaux.
D.
All of the following were causative factores of the REvolution of 1848 in Paris except A) rising grain prices. B) high unemployment. C) government refusal to consider electoral reform. D) the closing of the national workshops. E) corruption in King Louis Philippe;s government.
D.
All of the following were consequences of revolutionary changes in the textile industry except A) cheaper cotton goods. B) a dramatic increase in weavers' wages. C) the movement of larger numbers of agricultural workers into the industry. D) a reduction in child labor. E) easier access to yarn for handloom weavers.
D.
Early French socialists believed in all of the following except A) economic planning. B) helping and protecting the poor. C) state ownership of property. D) violent class warfare. E) the disruptive nature of free market competition.
D.
Friedrich List was an early proponent of A) economic liberalism B) working-class unions. C) factory regulation and reform. D) economic nationalism. E) state ownership of the economy.
D.
George Sand's novel Lélia explored A) the world of urban working women. B) her life as a prostitute in Paris. C) the role of a provincial wife and mother. D) her own quest for sexual and personal freedom. E) the difficulties of establishing oneself as a professional writer.
D.
In the 1760s, Monday was popularly known as ___________ because so many workers took the day off. A) holi-day B) Idle Monday C) Lazy Monday D) Saint Monday E) Rest Day
D.
In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of A) Austria, Prussia, and Russia. B) Austria. C) the Netherlands and great britain. D) Great Britain, France, and Russia. E) Great Britain.
D.
Richard Arkwright is best known for his invention of A) the flying shuttle. B) the first modern railroad engine. C) an improved steam engine. D) the water frame. E) the spinning jenny.
D.
The "winners" of the Revolution of 1830 were the A) peasants. B) urban laboring poor. C) shopkeepers. D) notables. E) Protestants.
D.
The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British included all of the following except the A) low prices of British mass-produced goods. B) complexity and expense of the new technology. C) resistance of landowning elites. D) scarcity of human capital. E) devastation left by the Napoleonic wars.
D.
The greatest change workers faced withe the shift from cottage industry to factory work was A) lower wages. B) harder work. C) the destruction of familyunit labor. D) a new tempo and discipline. E) repetitive work.
D.
The law which outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the A) Factory Act of 1833. B) Mines Act of 1842. C) Coercive Acts of 1766. D) Combination Acts of 1799. E) Reform Law of 1848.
D.
The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was A) Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine. B) The development of the internal combustion engine. C) the use of running water to power cotton-spinning machinery. D) James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s. E) Sir Isaac Newton's discovery of the law of action and reaction.
D.
The revisions to the Corn Law in 1815 were intended to A) ease the economic problems of the working classes. B) promote free trade. C) make England agriculturally selfsufficient. D) protect the economic interests of the aristocracy. E) drive French manufactured products of the English market.
D.
The success of the Revolution of 1830 was due primarily to A) the shrewd political genius of Louis Philippe. B) Lafayette's unwavering leadership. C) the revolutionary actions and leadership of the upper-middle-class liberals and nationalists. D) revolutionary actions of the artisans, shopkeepers, and workers of Paris. E) the rebellion in the French countryside.
D.
Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe? A) As a classical liberal, he feared that it would lead to intolerance and violence. B) Austria's rulers feared the power of a resurgent nationalist Ottoman Empire. C) Austria pursued a policy of free trade, which was incompatible with economic nationalism. D) Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire. E) Above all, Metternich feared French nationalism.
D.
According to the text, one of Karl Marx's most importact criticisms of the French utopian socialists was A) that several of theme were of noble birth. B) that they were wrong to believe that a socialist society could be built without opposition. C) that they underestimated the intelligence of the working class. D) that central economic planning was inefficient. E) that their appeals to the wealthy to help the poer were naive.
E.
The act that precipitated the Revolution of 1830 in Paris was A) Charles X's withdrawal of grain price controls. B) Charles X's refusal to extend the vote to all adult males. C) Louis XVIII's massing of troops outside Paris. D) Charles X's massing of troops outside Paris. E) Charles X's repudiation of the Constitutional Charter.
E.
The beliefs and aspirations of the Romantics included all of the following except A) a rejection of materialism. B) emotional exuberance. C) that personal fulfillment was the supreme purpose in life. D) a spontaneity in life and art. E) a rejection of nature.
E.
The most important factor influencing the peaceful midcentury reforms in Great Britain was A) the fear of workingclass revolution. B) the ideas of Karl Marx. C) the outbreak of revolution on the continent. D) the moderating influence of the monarch. E) political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class.
E.
_____________ managed to raise per capita industrial levels in the nineteenth century. A) Only Britain B) Only Britain, France, and Germany C) Only Britain, Germany, and Belgium D) Only Britain and Germany E) All European states
E.