CH 22

During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath. T/F

F

Residual volume is detected with a spirometer. T/F

F

The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs. T/F

F

Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation. T/F

T

Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. T/F

T

During inspiration, the external intercostal muscles can work to increase the volume changes that drive ventilation. T/F

T

Henry's law of partial pressures states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. T/F

T

If your core temperature becomes colder, it is more difficult for oxygen to dissociate with hemoglobin at any PO2. T/F

T

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli. T/F

T

The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation. T/F

T

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli. T/F

T

Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity? a. (TV) and (IRV) b. (ERV) and (RV) c. (TV), (IRV), (ERV), and (RV) d. (TV), (IRV), (ERV)

a. (TV) and (IRV)

What is the minute ventilation of an average adult male at rest breathing at a rate of 10 breaths per minute? a. 5000 mL/min b. 36,000 mL/min c. 48,000 mL/min d. 60,000 mL/min

a. 5000 mL/min

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. a. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. b. A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. c. Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension. d. A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.

a. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air? a. It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration. b. It depends on the complete lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall. c. It requires contraction of abdominal wall muscles. d. It is driven by increased blood CO2 levels.

a. It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration

What serves as the origin for the phrenic nerve? a. cervical plexus b. sympathetic chain c brachial plexus d. midbrain

a. cervical plexus

What is the primary form in which oxygen is carried in blood? a. chemically bound to hemoglobin b. as carbonic acid in plasma c. dissolved in plasma d. as a bicarbonate ion in plasma

a. chemically bound to hemoglobin

Which muscles are activated during forced expiration? a.the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles b. the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles c. the scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor muscles d. the diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles

a. the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles

Which of the following initiate(s) inspiration? a. ventral respiratory group(VRG) b. midbrain c. dorsal respiratory group(DRG) d. pontine respiratory group(PRG)

a. ventral respiratory group(VRG)

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement relating to the behavior of gases? a. The volume of a gas and the pressure on it are directly proportional. As pressure increases, volume increases. b. When a gas is in contact with a liquid, the gas will dissolve the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. c.Each gas in a mixture diffuses down its own concentration gradient independent of other gases. d. The lower the hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, the more carbon dioxide the blood can carry.

b. The volume of a gas and the pressure on it are directly proportional. As pressure increases, volume increases.

Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________. a. an active process; also an active process b. an active process; a passive process c. a passive process; an active process d. a passive process; also a passive process

b. an active process; a passive process

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. a. active transport b. diffusion c. filtration d. osmosis

b. diffusion

In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______. a. in the conducting zone structures of the lungs b. due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells c. to permit adequate surface tension in the alveoli d. because the presence of collapsed alveoli prevents surfactant production

b. due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. a. reserve air b. inspiratory reserve vol c. expiratory reserve vol d. vital capacity

b. inspiratory reserve vol

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? a. atmospheric pressure b. intrapleural pressure c. transpulmonary pressure d. intrapulmonary pressure

b. intrapleural pressure

In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______. a. intrapleural pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure b. intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure c. intrapulmonary pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure d. intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure

b. intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure

Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation? a. lung compliance b. partial pressure of oxygen in the air c. alveolar surface tension d. airway resistance

b. partial pressure of oxygen in the air

Which center is located in the pons? a. expiratory center b. pontine respirator group (PRG) c. inspiratory center d. pacemaker neuron center

b. pontine respirator group (PRG)

Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration? a. an increase in blood pH b. rising carbon dioxide levels c. arterial pH d. a rise in body temp

b. rising carbon dioxide levels

Inspiratory capacity is ________. a. functional residual capacity b. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration c. air inspired after a tidal inhalation d. total amount of exchangable air

b. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________. a. expiratory reserve volume b. vital capacity c. tidal volume d. inspiratory reserve volume

b. vital capacity

Which of the following statements is true? a. Breathing rate and depth do not affect gas exchange b. Rapid shallow breathing can reduce the amount of gas exchange without changing the total amount of gas moved in a minute. c. Normal breathing rates and depth provide the most O for exchange d. Slow, deep breathing makes less gas available for gas exchange

b.Rapid shallow breathing can reduce the amount of gas exchange without changing the total amount of gas moved in a minute.

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________. a. for at least 3 micrometers thick b. bw 5 and 6 micrometeres thick c. 0.5 to 1 micrometers thick d. The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange

c. 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

According to this spirographic record, what is the total volume of exchangeable air for a normal male? a. 2400 mL b. 3600 mL c. 4800 mL d. 6000 mL

c. 4800 mL

Calculate the intrapleural pressure if atmospheric pressure is 765 millimeters of mercury, assuming that the subject is at rest (not inhaling or exhaling). a. 4 mm of mercury b. 0 mm of mercury c. 761 mm of mercury d. 765 mm of mercury

c. 761 mm of mercury

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. a. Boyles law b. Henrys law c. Daltons law d. Charles law

c. Daltons law

The law that applies to the amount of CO2 you could dissolve in a soda is called ________ law. a. Daltons b. Boyles c. Henrys d. Murphys

c. Henrys

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. a. henry's law b. charles' law c. boyles law d. daltons law

c. boyles law

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is a. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. b. greater than the intra-alveolar pressure. c. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. d. less than the pressure in the atmosphere.

c. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. a. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations b. warming the air before it enters c. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid d. humidifying the air before it enters

c. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

During pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged"; this means that within the alveoli there is an abnormal accumulation of ______. a. blood b. blood plasma c. interstitial fluid d. water

c. interstitial fluid

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. a. midbrain and medulla b. pons and midbrain c. medulla and pons d. upper spinal cord and medulla

c. medulla and pons

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? a. molecular weight and size of the gas molecule b. solubility in water c. partial pressure gradient d. the temp

c. partial pressure gradient

Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen's attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin? a. partial pressure of Co2 b. temp c. partial pressure of O d. blood pH

c. partial pressure of O

Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs? a. internal respiration b. gas exchange c. pulmonary ventilation d. external respiration

c. pulmonary ventilation

Which of the following inhibits/reduces the respiratory rate? a. partial pressure of O below 60 mm of mercury at chemoreceptors b. elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood c. stimulation of stretch receptors in lungs d. rise in body temp

c. stimulation of stretch receptors in lungs

What is the amount of air that is normally ventilated in one breath? a. expiratory reserve volume b. vital capacity c. tidal volume d. inspiratory reserve volume

c. tidal volume

According to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, PO2 in the lungs of 100 mm Hg results in Hb being 98% saturated. At high altitude, there is less O2. At a PO2 in the lungs of 80 mm Hg, Hb would be ________ saturated. a. less than 50% b. 100% c. 98% d. 95%

d. 95%

Which of the following pressure relationships best illustrates when inspiration will occur? a. Ppul < Pip b. Ppul> Patm c. Ppul= Patm d. Ppul < Patm

d. Ppul< Patm

Which of the following is INCORRECT? a. Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. b. The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli. c. Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow d. Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance

d. Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance

__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing. a. Atmospheric b. Transthoracic c. Intra-alveolar d. Transpulmonary

d. Transpulmonary

Which of the following would NOT be involved in causing bronchiolar constriction during an asthma attack? a. acetylcholine b. central nervous system c. peripheral nervous system d. adrenal medulla

d. adrenal medulla

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first? a. intrapulmonary pressure drops b. thoracic cavity volume decreases c. air(gases) flow into lungs d. diaphragm descends and rib cage rises

d. diaphragm descends and rib cage rises

Tidal volume is air ________. a. inhaled after normal inspiration b. forcibly expelled after normal expiration c. remaining in the lungs after forced expiration d. exchanged during normal breathing

d. exchanged during normal breathing

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure? a. atmospheric pressure b. intrapleural pressure c. transpulmonary pressure d. intrapulmonary pressure

d. intrapulmonary pressure

Which of the following modifies and smoothes the respiratory pattern? a. ventral respiratory group(VRG) b. diencephalon c. dorsal respiratory group(DRG) d. pontine respiratory group(PRG)

d. pontine respiratory centers

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. a. pressure within the pleural cavity b. diff bw atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure c. negative pressure in the intrapleural space d. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

d. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? a. compliance and transpulmonary pressures b. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures c. compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid d. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

d. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________. a. Haldane effect b. Bohr effect c. chloride effect d. ventilation-perfusion coupling

d. ventilation-perfusion coupling