Ch 23 Micro

Although penicillin is now the drug of choice, which of the following were historically used to treat syphilis?

Salvarsan treatment Mercury applications

The chancre of syphilis _______.

develops into a lesion with firm margins and an ulcerated central crater

All of the following are signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection except ______.

diarrhea

Syphilis is commonly transmitted through____________ contact _________ or transmission to the fetus in utero.

direct; vertical

The population most likely to be affected by catheter-associated urinary tract infections is _______.

elderly women in a nursing home

An occasional serious complication of herpes simplex-1 infection is ______.

encephalitis

True or false: Urinary tract infections are kept to a minimum because urine does not provide the important compounds for microbial growth.

false

After puberty, estrogen production leads to glycogen release in the vagina lowering the pH. After puberty, Lactobacillus dominates, discouraging growth of other microbes. these two statements are true concerning the _______ _______ _________

female genital tract.

In ____________ the shortness of this structure allows for easy entry of GI tract microbes into the bladder, which often results in urinary tract infections.

females

The primary virulence factor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is ______.

fimbriae

Genital herpes Chancroid Syphilis These are examples of?

genital ulcer diseases

The _____________ system is really two distinct organ systems: the urinary system and the______________ system.

genitourinary; reproductive

Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram-negative diplococcus Infection can render both males and females sterile Can result in eye and respiratory infections of neonates during birthing processCan result in eye and respiratory infections of neonates during birthing process Correct

gonorrhea.

During the tertiary stage of syphilis, tumors called _______ develop in the liver, skin, bone, and cartilage.

gummas

The vaginal microbiome changes as a female matures because _______.

hormonal changes and sexual activity alter the environment of the vagina

A healthcare provider who suspects that a woman may have vaginitis caused by Candida infection can confirm that by _______.

identifying pseudohyphae in a Gram-stained smear examined using a light microscope

The secondary stage of syphilis _______.

is a time when the pathogen enters and multiplies in the blood

In __________ the normal biota of the genital tract is nearly identical to species colonizing external portions of the penis.

males,

Prostatitis occurs in which group of people?

men

It is often due to infection caused by normal biota. Many chronic cases are caused by biofilm growth of microbes. These statements characterize ______________

prostatitis

Lactobacillus in the female reproductive tract is _______.

protective

Trichomonas vaginalis is a ______.

protozoan

Which body system involves the vertical passage of genes from parent to offspring?

reproductive

Urinary _________ is a blood fluke infection that manifests in the liver, spleen or urinary system.

schistosomiasis

Fever, headache, and sore throat, followed by lymphadenopathy and a peculiar red or brown rash on all skin surfaces, including the palms and the soles

secondary syphilis

True or false: The initial genital herpes infection is extremely variable in its presentation.

true

Genital herpes, syphilis and chancroid are what general type of genital disease?

ulcer

The acronym "UTI" means __ __ __

urinary tract infection

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection that is spread by contact with the _____ of animals.

urine

The microbiota of the urethra in male shifts when?

Sexual activity begins

Discharge diseases, ulcer diseases, and wart diseases are all examples of?

Sexually transmitted infections

Which of the following describe T. pallidum?

Spirochete and Gram-negative cell wall

Treponema pallidum is a spirochete bacterium that causes which of the following?

Syphilis

Treponema pallidum is a spirochete bacterium that causes which of?

Syphilis

Permanent cardiovascular and neurological damage is seen in which stage of syphilis?

Tertiary

The microbial makeup of the vagina shifts during which event?

The menstrual cycle and Pregnancy

Neurosyphilis can be present as well as gummas

tertiary or latent syphilis

Which type of infection is leptospirosis?

zoonotic

The primary lesion, chancre, seen in syphilis infections generally appears after an incubation period of what length?

9 days to 3 months

Which of the following statements regarding gonorrhea is incorrect?

A chancre-type lesion develops at the portal of entry

What type of antibodies are produced by the body in response to Treponema infection?

Antibodies to treponemal antigens

Ten to forty percent of women in the U.S. are colonized asymptomatically by a group __________ Streptococcus in their reproductive tract.

B

Which genital ulcer disease is caused by Haemophilus, a pleomorphic gram-negative rod bacterium?

Chancroid

__________ is a localized genital ulcer disease caused by a pleomorphic bacterium.

Chancroid

Which of the following are considered genital ulcer diseases?

Chancroid Syphilis Genital herpes

Causative agent is an obligate intracellular parasite Causative agent has two stages: elemental body and reticulate body Neonate eye infections are more prevalent than those associated with gonorrhea These stamens correctly apply to ____________ A infection

Chlamydia

The leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disease is ______.

Chlamydia infection

The most commonly reported STI in the United States is ______.

Chlamydia infection

what causes nongonococcal urethritis in males cervicitis in females congenital conjunctivitis pelvic inflammatory disease in females

Chlamydia trachomatis

Select all of the sequelae associated with Group B Streptococcus infections in infants.

Meningitis Pneumonia Hearing loss Impaired vision Developmental disabilities

________________ is an inflammation of the prostate gland.

Prostatitis

Which of the following organisms causes urinary tract infections?

Proteus mirabilis

The urinary system has which of the roles in the body?

-Transports wastes out of the body -Helps regulate processes in the body -Removes unwanted substances from the blood

Janey has been taking antibiotics for 10 days to counter a urinary tract infection caused by E. coli. Her UTI is eliminated, but two weeks later she has a vaginal itch. What is the likely cause?

Candida albicans

The most common cause of vaginitis is the organism ______ _______

Candida albicans

Due to hormonal differences, the normal biota of women shifts as they age; in their childbearing years, the yeast ___________ and the bacterium _______________ predominate.

Candida; Lactobacillus

Which tests can easily be used to detect syphilis infection?

Dark-field microscopy Antibody tests PCR

____________ diseases are those in which the infectious agent causes an increase in fluid excreted from male and female reproductive tracts.

Discharge

Three categories of STIs?

Discharge diseases Wart diseases Ulcer diseases

Normal biota of the urinary tract in both genders include all of the following except ______.

Escherichia coli

The most common causative agent of urinary tract infections is ______.

Escherichia coli

As a couple, you have been trying to get pregnant for a few years, but there appears to be a medical cause for the infertility. After a full checkup, your doctor tells you that there is scar tissue in the uterine tubes. What disease is the most likely cause of this problem?

Gonorrhea

Which type of streptococcal colonization is an important consideration in late term pregnancy?

Group B strep

Which of the following STIs result in wart-like growths?

HPV infection Molluscum contagiosum

Schistosomiasis is a urinary tract infection caused by?

Helminth

Natural defense mechanisms of the genitourinary system include secretory _____,_______ secretions, and ___________ pH in the female genital tract, and ______________ or shedding of cells in the urinary tract.

IgA, mucus; acidic;desquamation

Which of the following is not a defense of the genitourinary tract?

IgG

Which of the following are NOT complications of vaginosis?

Increased acidity of vagina Increased fetal growth Autoimmune disease

Which of the following statements regarding leptospirosis in incorrect?

It can be transmitted by animal bites.

Which describes the initial infection with genital herpes?

It is extremely variable.

What aspect of urine makes it a good defense for the urinary tract?

Its flushing action

Choose the statement that best describes leptosporosis.

Leptosporosis can be marked by the development of Weil's syndrome, a cluster of symptoms characterized by kidney invasion, hepatic disease, jaundice, anemia, and neurological disturbances.

Which of the following are possible complications of vaginosis?

Low birth weight babies Pelvic inflammatory disease Ectopic pregnancies Infertility

Which of the following is a causative agent of a discharge disease?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Which population is at greatest risk for group B Streptococcus infection?

Neonates

Which drug is currently used to treat syphilis infection?

Penicillin

Hard, painless chancre at site of spirochete entry

Primary syphilis

Which describes the normal microbiota of the kidney, ureters, bladder, and upper urethra?

They are not culturable by current methods.

Syphilis is most commonly transmitted by which two of the following?

Through sex and To the fetus in utero

The causative agent for syphilis is ____________ pallidum.

Treponema

is transmitted by direct sexual contact has a hooked tip to attach to epithelium can cross the placenta can cross the placenta

Treponema pallidum

___________is a protozoan that can cause vaginitis.

Trichomonas

Organisms like Lactobacillus and Streptococcus can be found in which of the following of most healthy men?

Urethra

WHAT infections can be transmitted by by endogenous transfer by direct contact by the vehicle route (soil or water)

Urinary tract infections

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the normal biota of the female reproductive tract during childbearing years?

Vaginal pH is neutral.

Which of the following statements regarding HSV-2 (genital herpes) is incorrect?

Virus is shed from active lesions only.

HPV infection and molluscum contagiosum are both what type of diseases? Multiple choice question.

Wart diseases

A woman is much more likely than a man to contract a UTI. Which of the following practices would best reduce her chances of getting a UTI?

Wiping with toilet paper in a front-to-back direction

A ____________ is the primary sore of syphilis that forms at the site of penetration by Treponema pallidum.

chancre

Syphilis spirochete passes through placenta to infect fetus

congenital syphilis

Infection of the urinary bladder is called ______.

cystitis

Within the urinary system, ______________ keeps most areas sterile; the outer region of the ______________, however, harbors normal biota such nonhemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, corynebacteria and lactobacilli.

urine flow;urethra

The microbiome of the ___________ is highly variable throughout childbearing years, and can vary with the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy.

vagina

An inflammation of the vagina most commonly caused by Candida, called _______, is characterized by some degree of vaginal itching; however, ______ does not appear to induce vaginal inflammation and is most likely due to a reduction in Lactobacillus species.

vaginitis; vaginosis