Ch. 24 Biology 2 Study Questions

Brown algae exhibit ____________ of generations. In these species bot the sporophyte and gametophyte are _____________.

Alterations; multicellular

The unique arrangement of fibrils, microtubules, vacuoles, and organelles at the end of an apicomplexian cell is called the ______________. (two words)

Apical complex

________________ are spore-forming parasites of animals.

Apicomplexans

A common way of treating malaria is by using ___________-based combination therapies.

Artemisinin

The _____________ of protists are long, thin protrusions supported by axial rods of microtubules.

Axopedia

Long, thin pseudopods supported by axial rods of microtubules are called _________.

Axopodia

In dinoflagellates, their ______________ is responsible for flashing effects seen in warm seas at night.

Bioluminescence

Dinoflagellates are protists that possess two flagella, alveoli, cellulose plates, and may be ________________ or produce ___________.

Bioluminescent; toxins

___________________ are the green algae clade most closely related to land plants.

Charophytes

The alteration of generations in brown algae involves the production of a ___________ sporophyte and a _____________ gametophyte.

Diploid; haploid

Bacteria that live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cells are called _____________. (two words)

Endosymbiotic bacteria

One long flagellum and one short flagellum that is located within the reservoir accurately describes the flagella of?

Euglena

Eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified in the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms are what?

Protists

The causative agent of malaria, plasmodium, has a complex life cycle which involves both _________ and ___________ phases inside of different hosts.

Sexual and asexual

______________ allows for frequent genetic recombination which generates genetic variation - the starting point of evolution. (two words)

Sexual reproduction

In the alterations of generations in brown algae, the large individuals (what we refer to as kelp) that we commonly recognize are the _______________.

Sporophytes

Which structure in a ciliate may contain up to 1000 copies of each chromosome?

The micronucleus

The ___________ of a ciliate is diploid and functions as the germline for sexual reproduction.

macronucleus

The grouping of protists into the kingdom protista is:

• Artificial • paraphyletic • polyphyletic

Protist groups of green algae:

• Chlorophytes • charophytes

Cell surfaces found in protists:

• Extracellular matrix • Glassy silica shell • Plasma membrane

Characteristics of protists:

• Many are unicellular, but some are multicellular • Most are microscopic, but some are large • They vary in the way they obtain nutrients

Features of chlomydomonas:

• Members of green algae • have two flagella at their anterior end • unicellular microscopic organisms

Characteristics of dinoflagellate plates include:

• Often encrusted with silica • made of a cellulose-like material

Nutritional strategies found in Protista:

• Phagotrophs • Phototrophs • Mixotrophs

Economically important parasitic oomycetes:

• Phytophthora • Saprolegnia

Arrangement of cilia found in ciliates:

• Spirals around the cell • longitudinal rows

Features found in at least some brown algae:

• They can be very large • They can exhibit alternation of generations •They are multicellular

Features of ciliates include:

• Unicellular • heterotrophic

The 5 main supergroups of protists, according to our current understanding of protist phylogeny:

1. Amoeboza 2. SAR 3. Opisthokonta 4. Excavata 5. Archaeplastida

Steps that describe feeding in a ciliate:

1. Food enters the gullet 2. Food enters a food vacuole 3. Food is digested by hydrolytic enzymes 4. Vacuole empties its contents through the cytoproct

A life stage that can remain dormant during periods of favorable environmental conditions is what?

A cyst

What type of prokaryote might have formed endosymbiotic relationships with other larger bacteria, eventually evolving into a chloroplast?

A photosynthetic cyanobacterium

Structures that protists utilize to swim:

Cilia and flagella

__________ and _________ are used by protists to locomote in their watery environments.

Cilia and flagella

The protist group that is characterized by rows of beating hairs is called the __________.

Ciliates

Members of the Euglena usually have a ____________ vacuole which empties its contents in the reservoir, helping regulate the ______________ pressure within the organism.

Contractile; osmotic

Even though chloroplasts of different algae are not monophyletic, it is thought that all chloroplasts derived from a single line of ___________.

Cyanobacteria

A thick-walled unicellular life stage produced by many protists that can remain dormant during stressful periods is known as a ________.

Cyst

What evidence supports the hypothesis that mitosis and cytokinesis did not evolve all at once?

Different, or possibly intermediate mechanisms of mitosis are observed in fungi and in some groups of protists compared to animals and plants.

Protists are alike in that all are ________________.

Eukaryotic

Protists are all?

Eukaryotic

Some of the earliest free-living eukaryotes with functional mitochondria were the _________.

Eulenozoans

Organisms in the group alveolata are distinguished from other protists based on the presence of?

Flattened vesicles called alveoli, stacked in a continuous layer below their plasma membranes

Heterotrophic marine protists, which make characteristic pore-studded shells (called tests) of organic material encrusted with calcium carbonate, belong to the phylum ______________.

Foraminifera

The life cycle of the brown algae is marked by alternation of _____________.

Generations

___________________ is a diplomonad parasite that can pass from human to human via ______________ and causes diarrhea. (two words for both)

Giardia intestinalis; contaminated water

Chlorophytes and charophytes are two lineages of ___________________. (two words)

Green algae

In dinoflagellates, two flagella are housed in __________.

Grooves

Even though it possesses mitochondria, plasmodium grows best in what kind of environment?

High CO2 and low O2

Malaria can be controlled by a cytoskeletal and secatory complex that enables an apicomplexian to what?

Invade a host

Endosymbiotic bacteria are bacteria that can what?

Live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cells.

Dinoflagellates are found in both ________ and ______________ environments.

Marine; freshwater

The cilia of ciliates are typically anchored to _____________ beneath the plasma membrane.

Microtubules

Eulenids are among the earliest free living eukaryotes that possessed functional ___________ for cellular respiration.

Mitochondria

Which product of red algae are used commercially to thicken ice cream and cosmetics.

Polysaccharides

Many different nutritional strategies are found in protists; they can be phagotrophs (ingest particles), ____________ ( ingest soluble nutrients), phototrophs, or ______________ (both hetero- and phototrophs).

Osmotrophs; mixotrophs

Dinoflagellates are _____________ and have two _____________.

Photosynthetic; flagella

Amoebas are surrounded by only their _____________. (two words)

Plasma membrane

Some slime molds produce a non-walled, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm called a __________________.

Plasmodium

Amoebas use flowing projections of cytoplasm called __________, for locomotion.

Pseudopods

In order to move, an amoeba does what?

Puts a pseudopod forward and then flows into it.

Members of the phylum Rhodophyta are also known as ____________. (two words)

Red algae

According to our current understanding, stramenopiles and alveolates are members of the supergroup _________.

SAR

How are the members of protists related and what is the implication of their relationship for their grouping in the kingdom Protista?

They are only distantly related; grouping is artificial.

Diatoms are photosynthetic, ______________ organisms with unique double shells made of silica.

Unicellular

Diatoms are?

Unicellular organisms

Ciliates make up two types of ________ that function in food ingestion and regulating water balance.

Vacuoles

Coleochate has cytoplasmic linkages between cells that are called ___________.

plasmodesmata

The apical complex of apicomplexians is a cytoskeletal and _______________ that gives them the ability to invade animal cells. (two words)

secatory complex