ch 24 digestion homework bsc2086 tcc anatomy physiology 2
Describe the cecum.
A rounded pouch located at the proximal end of the large intestine
Which of the following are functions of the digestive tract? Select all that apply.
Absorb electrolytes Digest food Absorb water
Name the outermost or most superficial layer of the organs in the digestive tract. Select all that apply.
Adventitia Serosa
the _____ sphincter is between the esophagus and the stomach and the _____ sphincter is between the stomach and the small intestine.
Blank 1: cardiac, esophageal, or gastroesophageal Blank 2: pyloric
Identify the steps in the production of hydrochloric acid by the stomach from beginning to secretion into the stomach.
CO 2 diffuses into the parietal cell. CO2 combines with H20 to form H2CO3 H2CO3 dissociates into HCO3- and H+. HCO3- is exchanged for Cl- with the bloodstream. H+ pumped into the duct of the gastric gland. Diffusion of Cl- into duct of gastric gland.
Identify the substances that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins. Select all that apply.
Carboxypeptidase Trypsin Pepsin Peptidases
Identify the features of the small intestine that function to increase surface area and thus enhance digestion and absorption. Select all that apply.
Circular folds Villi Microvilli
Identify the functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Select all that apply.
Destroys ingested bacteria Inactivates salivary amylase Activates pepsin
Why is emulsification of lipids important?
Emulsification increases surface area for digestive enzymes.
Identify the components of pancreatic juice. Select all that apply.
Enzymes to digest carbohydrates Bicarbonate ions Enzymes to digest nucleic acids Enzymes to digest proteins Enzymes to digest lipids
Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Select all that apply.
Esophagus Oropharynx Anal canal Mouth
Identify the parts of the pharynx that function in digestion. Select all that apply.
Laryngopharynx Oropharynx
Identify the structures that secrete lipase. Select all that apply.
Lingual glands Pancreas
Identify the functions of mucus secretion in the large intestine. Select all that apply.
Lubricates colon wall Protects intestinal lining Helps fecal matter stick together
Identify the strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents longer distances within the large intestine.
Mass movements
Identify the secretions of the stomach. Select all that apply.
Mucus Hydrochloric acid Gastrin Pepsinogen Intrinsic factor
Select the mechanisms that regulate the digestive system. Select all that apply.
Nervous mechanisms Chemical signals
Identify the major neurotransmitters that regulate the digestive system. Select all that apply.
Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Serotonin
Which are functions of the liver? Select all that apply.
Nutrient storage Detoxification of harmful substances Production of blood proteins including clotting factors Production of bile Conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates Phagocytosis of worn out red and white blood cells
Identify the structures that are involved in deglutition. Select all that apply.
Oropharynx Esophagus Tongue
Identify the process by which water is absorbed in the small intestine.
Osmosis
Which are functions of the liver? Select all that apply.
Phagocytosis of worn out red and white blood cells Nutrient storage Production of blood proteins including clotting factors Conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates Detoxification of harmful substances Production of bile
Identify the factors that stimulate production of pancreatic juices. Select all that apply.
Secretin Vagus nerve Cholecystokinin
Identify the types of movements that occur within the small intestine. Select all that apply.
Segmental contractions Peristaltic contractions
Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with simple columnar epithelium. Select all that apply.
Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
What is the primary function of the stomach?
Storage and mixing chamber
Identify the functions of the liver. Select all that apply.
Storage of glycogen, lipids, vitamins and minerals Phagocytosis Synthesis of new molecules Production of bile Interconversion of nutrients
Identify the three large, paired salivary glands.
Submandibular Parotid Sublingual
The 3 large paired salivary glands are the
Submandibular Parotid Sublingual
Describe the effects of food intake on the stomach.
The rugae flatten and the stomach volume increases.
What are feces?
The semi-solid waste products eliminated from the body
How does the muscularis of the stomach differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?
The stomach has 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis and the majority of the digestive tract only has 2 layers of muscle.
Identify the small blind-ended tube attached to the cecum.
Vermiform appendix
Match the oral cavity region to its description.
Vestibule Space between the lips and teeth Oral cavity proper Space medial to the teeth
Besides organs of the gastrointestinal tract, the digestive system also contains ______.
accessory organs
The two major divisions of the digestive system include the digestive tract and the
accessory organs
The majority of ion absorption occurs as a result of _____.
active transport
The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.
anterior
Permanent teeth replace milk or _____ teeth
baby
Identify the substance necessary to emulsify lipids.
bile salts
The muscle in the cheeks is the ______.
buccinator
Identify the region of the large intestine located at the proximal end, where the large intestine meets the small intestine.
cecum
The proximal end of the large intestine is characterized by a pouch-like structure called the
cecum
______ digestion breaks covalent bonds in organic molecules through the action of digestive enzymes.
chemical
Stomach contents are called ______.
chyme
The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called
chyme
The submucosa consists of ______ tissue.
connective
The elimination of semi-solid waste products from the body is called ______.
defecation
Feces are eliminated from the body by the process of
defication
The tongue, oropharynx and mouth are all involved with swallowing or
deglutition
The system specialized to ingest food, digest food and absorb water, electrolytes and nutrients is the
digestive system
Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels.
duodenum jejunum ileum
The process by which bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller lipid droplets is called
emulsification
Bile salts are necessary to _____.
emulsify lipids
The majority of nervous stimulation of the digestive system comes from the _______.
enteric nervous system
The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the
esophagus
True or False: The majority of the muscularis externa consists of two layers of skeletal muscle.
false
True or false: Bile contains digestive enzymes.
false
True or false: Most of the nervous control of the digestive system is through the parasympathetic nervous system.
false
Food is ingested, digested and finally eliminated from the body as
feces
During stomach filling the rugae _______.
flatten and allow the stomach to increase in volume
The saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver is the
gallbladder
Identify the structures that chyme will pass through, starting with the small intestine and ending with elimination
ileocecal junction cecum colon rectum anal canal
Bile salts emulsify lipids and thus ______ the surface area for the digestive enzymes..
increase
Bile helps in ______ the pH of the small intestine to allow for normal function of pancreatic enzymes.
increasing
Lipids are chemically digested by the enzyme
lipase
The enzyme that chemically digests lipid molecules is _____.
lipase
Fatty acids and glycerol are products of the chemical digestion of _____.
lipids
The largest internal organ of the body is the
liver
The strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents of the large intestine longer distances are called ________ _________
mass movements
The esophagus is in the ______.
mediastinum
The movements of the small intestine include segmental contractions which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ______ intestinal contents.
mix, propel
Chemical digestion of starch due to secretion of enzymes occurs in the ______. Select all that apply.
mouth small intestine
Identify the organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen
pancreas
The majority of lipase is secreted by the _____.
pancreas
is an organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen.
pancreas
Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth.
permanent, deciduous
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin all aid in the chemical digestion of ______.
proteins
The adventitia or ________ is the outermost layer of structures in the digestive system.
serosa
The abdominal cavity is lined by _______ membranes which produce a thin, lubricating film.
serous
Secretin, cholecystokinin, and peptidases are secretions of the ______.
small intestine
The chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the ______.
small intestine
What muscle type makes up most of the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract?
smooth
Cholecystokinin, secretin and the vagus nerve all ______ the release of pancreatic juices.
stimulate
Identify the organ of the digestive system that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber.
stomach
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the organ called the
stomach
Pepsinogen and gastrin are both secretions of the ______.
stomach
The layer of the digestive tract that is a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands is the _____.
submucosa
The low pH of the the stomach is due to _____.
the action of the proton pump
The muscularis of the stomach consists of _____ layers; however, the muscularis of the majority of the digestive tract consists of _____ layers.
three, two
The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the
tounge
True or False: The masseter and temporalis are muscles that move the mandible during mastication.
true
True or False: Villi and microvilli of the small intestine serve to increase surface area to allow for greater digestion and absorption.
true
The hepatic lobule is a _____ -sided structure with a(n) _____ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule.
6, portal
Describe a hepatic lobule.
A hexagon-shaped tissue with a portal triad at each corner
Match the components of pancreatic juice with the correct function.
Bicarbonate ion matches Choice, To raise the pH of the small intestine To raise the pH of the small intestine Proteolytic enzymes matches Choice, Chemical digestion of proteins Chemical digestion of proteins Amylase matches Choice, Chemical digestion of polysaccharides Chemical digestion of polysaccharides Lipase matches Choice, Chemical digestion of fats Chemical digestion of fats Nuclease matches Choice, Chemical digestion of DNA and RNA Chemical digestion of DNA and RNA
The three sections of the small intestine, listed in order as food passes through, are the
Blank 1: duodenum Blank 2: jejunum Blank 3: ileum
The muscle that forms the majority of the lips is the _______ _______ and the muscle that forms the majority of the cheeks is the ________.
Blank 1: orbicularis Blank 2: oris Blank 3: buccinator
Match the parts of the stomach with the correct description.
Cardiac sphincter Cardiac sphincter answer drop zone Constrictor between the esophagus and the stomach correct toggle button unavailable Constrictor between the esophagus and the stomach Pyloric sphincter Pyloric sphincter answer drop zone Constrictor between the stomach and the small intestine correct toggle button unavailable Constrictor between the stomach and the small intestine Body Body answer drop zone Largest part of the stomach correct toggle button unavailable Largest part of the stomach Fundus Fundus answer drop zone The rounded superior portion of the stomach correct toggle button unavailable The rounded superior portion of the stomach Pyloric part Pyloric part answer drop zone Funnel shaped part of the stomach correct toggle button unavailable Funnel shaped part of the stomach
Identify the secretions of the small intestine. Select all that apply.
Cholecystokinin Mucus Peptidases Disaccharidases Secretin
Identify the components of bile. Select all that apply.
Cholesterol Lecithin Mucus Bilirubin Bile salts
Identify the duct leading from the gallbladder.
Cystic duct
Select the effects of aging on the digestive system. Select all that apply.
Decreases in the amount of mucus secreted Decline in the liver's ability to detoxify chemicals
What are the basic functions of the digestive system? Select all that apply.
Defecation Ingestion Digestion Mastication Absorption
Identify the functions of bile. Select all that apply.
Emulsification of lipids Raises pH of small intestine
Identify the primary products of the chemical digestion of lipids. Select all that apply.
Fatty acids Monoglycerides
Match each gastric secretion with the correct function.
Hydrochloric acid matches Choice, Destroys ingested bacteria and activates pepsin Destroys ingested bacteria and activates pepsin Gastrin matches Choice, Stimulates gastric secretions Stimulates gastric secretions Intrinsic factor matches Choice, Aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12. Aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12. Pepsinogen matches Choice, Active form aids in breaking proteins into smaller peptide chains. Active form aids in breaking proteins into smaller peptide chains. Mucous matches Choice, Protects lining of the stomach Protects lining of the stomach
What is the function of HCO3- when it is secreted by the large intestine?
It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions.
Match the layer of the digestive tract with the correct description.
Mucosa matches Choice, Consists of an epithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle Consists of an epithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle Muscularis matches Choice, Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer Serosa matches Choice, Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium Submucosa matches Choice, Consists of a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands Consists of a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands
Identify the part of the pharynx that does not typically function in digestion.
Nasopharynx
Identify the structures where lipid digestion occurs. Select all that apply.
Stomach Small intestine
Place the events of the cephalic phase of gastric regulation in order beginning from initiation of the cephalic phase.
Taste, smell or thought of food Stimulation of medulla oblongata Parasympathetic impulses are carried by the vagus nerve to the neurons of the enteric plexus. Postganglionic neurons stimulate secretion of gastrin and histamine. Gastric secretions are released.
Identify the 4 muscles of mastication.
Temporalis Lateral pterygoid Masseter Medial pterygoid
Describe emulsification.
The process by which bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller droplets
Describe the membranes that line the abdominal cavity.
These are serous membranes that secrete a serous lubricating fluid.
Identify the effects of aging on the digestive system. Select all that apply.
Thinning of tooth enamel Decrease in mucus production Reduction in motility
The region of the large intestine located at the proximal end, where the large intestine meets the small intestine, is the
cecum
The vermiform appendix is attached to the ______.
cecum
The large intestine consists of the _____, and the anal canal.
cecum, colon, rectum
The taste, smell, or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions by activating the ______ phase of gastric regulation.
cephalic
The process of chewing is called
mastication
Large food particles are physically broken down into smaller food particles by ____ digestion
mechanical
Mastication is the _____.
mechanical breakdown of food
Acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin are ______ that affect digestive tract ______.
neurotransmitters, motility
The majority of ion absorption occurs in the ______.
small intestine
The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the ______.
small intestine
The layer of the digestive tract that consists of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, small glands, and a network of nerve cells is the
submucosa
True or false: Both nervous and chemical mechanisms play an important role in regulating the digestive system.
true
The oral cavity is divided into two regions: the _____, which is the space between the lips or the cheeks and the teeth and the ______, which lies medial to the teeth.
vestibule, oral cavity proper
Match each basic function of the digestive system with the correct description.
Absorption matches Choice, Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system Digestion matches Choice, Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts Elimination matches Choice, Process by which waste products are removed from the body Process by which waste products are removed from the body Ingestion matches Choice, The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach Secretion matches Choice, Process by which substances are added to the digestive tract to lubricate, liquefy, buffer and digest the food Process by which substances are added to the digestive tract to lubricate, liquefy, buffer and digest the food
Correctly pair each basic function of the digestive system with the correct description.
Absorption matches Choice, Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system Digestion matches Choice, Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts Mastication matches Choice, Process by which teeth break food into smaller particles to increase the total surface area Process by which teeth break food into smaller particles to increase the total surface area Ingestion matches Choice, The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach Propulsion matches Choice, Movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other Movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other
