Ch 24: Immunity

Mast cells

Cell type that is responsible for the symptoms of allergies

The antigen-binding sites of an antibody molecule are formed from the molecule's variable regions. Why are these regions called variable?

-They can be different shapes on different antibody molecules. -The components of the genes that code for these regions are constantly reorganized, causing new variations to be produced within each generation. -The structure of these antibody regions is different from one antibody to the next. -This structural variety accounts for the diversity of lymphocytes and gives the humoral immune system the ability to react to virtually any kind of antigen.

Cytotoxic T cells

Do not infect their target cells

Antibody

A macromolecule produced in the body that recognizes another molecule as "foreign" to the body

_____ is an example of an immunodeficiency disease.

AIDS

How does antigen-antibody binding result in destruction of antigen?

Antibodies bind the antigen, which then targets the antigen for elimination by innate mechanisms

How does antigen-antibody binding result in destruction of the antigen?

Antibodies bind the antigen, which then targets the antigen for elimination by innate mechanisms.

Which of the following statements regarding innate immunity is correct?

External barriers such as the skin barrier, exoskeleton, and mucous membranes contribute to innate immunity.

Viruses and bacteria in body fluids are attacked by _____.

Antibodies from B cells Antibodies form the part of adaptive immunity known as the humoral immune response. Circulating antibodies encounter microorganisms in body fluids and complex with them.

What is the primarily cell type involved in humoral immunity?

B bells (Natural killer cells are part of the innate cellular defenses)

What is the primary cell type involved in humoral immunity?

B cells are responsible for antibody production in humoral immunity.

Antibodies

B cells specialize into plasma cells, which produce antibodies

Which of the following inflammatory responses is characteristic of only a systemic response?

Bacteria and toxins enter the bloodstream, and the white blood cell count increases significantly.

Antigen

foreign molecule that evokes an immune response

How can active immunity be obtained? -from the mother's breast milk -from an injection of antibodies that recognize invading microbes -from a vaccine -from the bloodstream

from a vaccine

The body produces antibodies complementary to foreign antigens. The process by which the body comes up with the correct antibodies to a given disease is most like _____. -ordering the lunch special at a restaurant without looking at the menu -going to a shoe store and trying on shoes until you find a pair that fits -going to a tailor and having a suit made to fit you -picking out a video that you have not seen yet

going to a shoe store and trying on shoes until you find a pair that fits

Which of the following cell types does HIV preferentially infect?

helper T cells

HIV attacks a certain type of T cell, thus causing _____. -immunodeficiency -it to make antibodies against the victim's own tissues -a drastic decline in nonspecific defense -the body to release a flood of antigens

immunodeficiency

HIV attacks a certain type of T cell, thus causing _____.

immunodeficiency Helper T cells play a central role in immune system functioning, stimulating both B cell and T cell function. Chronic HIV infection depletes the helper T cell population and renders the immune system incapable of responding to infections.

A vaccine may contain _____. -antibodies that recognize invading microbes -white blood cells that fight infection -lymphocyte antigens -inactivated disease-causing microbes

inactivated disease-causing microbes

What line of defense against infection first comes into play once a pathogen has breached the body's surface? -cell-mediated immunity -active immunity -passive immunity -inflammatory response

inflammatory response

Chemicals produced by virus-infected cells that alert neighboring cells to prepare a defense are called _____.

interferons

Chemicals produced by virus-infected cells that alert neighboring cells to prepare a defense are called _____. -antibodies -interferons -complement proteins -antigens

interferons

The immune system

is a collection of cells and organs that protect an organism's body from agents that can cause disease.

The complement system

is a set of proteins that circulate in the blood, stimulating other defenses to help destroy an invader.

Pathogen

is an agent in the environment that has the potential to cause disease.

Give an example of an autoimmune disorder

lupus

T and B cells are types of _____. -platelets -endocrine cells -lymphocytes -complement cells

lymphocytes

Which of the following cells would be a part of the nonspecific, second line of defense? -cytotoxic T cells -prostaglandins -B cells -macrophages

macrophages

As an allergy sufferer, _____ are some of my least favorite cells. -mast cells -natural killer cells -helper T cells -cytotoxic T cells

mast cells

As an allergy sufferer, _____ are some of my least favorite cells.

mast cells The histamines produced by mast cells are responsible for much of the misery in my life.

A type of cell that makes immunizations effective is the _____. -killer B cell -memory B cell -killer T cell -macrophage

memory B cell

Which of the following types of cells initiates a secondary immune response? -memory cells -natural killer cells -effector cells -immature white blood cells

memory cells

How did memory cells differ from effector cells?

memory cells live longer

What can white blood cells do that helps them carry out their defensive functions more effectively?

migrate into and out of blood vessels

What can white blood cells do that helps them carry out their defensive functions more effectively? -synthesize hemoglobin -swim against the flow of blood to the site of injury -migrate into and out of blood vessels -reabsorb their nuclei and other cell organelles

migrate into and out of blood vessels

The role of cytotoxic T cells is to attack _____.

mostly virus-infected cells, and tissues infected by bacteria or parasites, cancer cells and foreign cells introduced by blood transfusion or organ transplant

Plasma cells _____. -stimulate other lymphocytes -multiply and make antibodies that circulate in blood and lymph -engulf and destroy bacteria and viruses -attack cells that have been infected by viruses

multiply and make antibodies that circulate in blood and lymph

Plasma cells _____.

multiply and make antibodies that circulate in blood and lymph B cells that make antibodies are called plasma cells.

Which of these attack cancer cells? -monocytes -natural killer cells -neutrophils -memory cells

natural killer cells

Macrophages and neutrophils defend against pathogens by _____. -producing antibodies -secreting lysozyme -phagocytizing pathogens -punching a hole in the plasma membrane of the pathogen, causing the cell to burst

phagocytizing pathogens

The process by which a white blood cell engulfs and destroys a bacterium is called _____. -phagocytosis -exocytosis -cyclosis -pinocytosis

phagocytosis

Which of the following can initiate an inflammatory response? -adrenaline -antibodies -physical injury such as a cut -a deficiency in histamine

physical injury such as a cut

In terms of molecular classes, antibodies are _____. -steroids -nucleic acids -proteins -carbohydrates

proteins

Following tissue damage or the entry of microorganisms, an inflammatory response may be initiated by the ______. -release of interferon by infected cells -release of chemicals such as histamine by damaged cells -accumulation of phagocytes in an injured area -increased blood flow to an infected or injured area

release of chemicals such as histamine by damaged cells

Functions of the lymphatic system include _____

return of fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections

Functions of the lymphatic system include _____. -transport of oxygen to body tissues -return of fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections -producing digestive enzymes and absorbing nutrients -filtering nitrogenous wastes from the blood

return of fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections

Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? - rheumatoid arthritis -type I diabetes -severe combined immunodeficiency -multiple sclerosis

severe combined immunodeficiency

A cell that releases interferon is ________________________

signaling other cells that it has been infected by a virus (Cells that release interferon are already infected with a virus)

Which of the following is a lymphatic organ? -blood -interstitial fluid -spleen -thymus

spleen

Which statement correctly describes drug resistance and AIDS?

HIV mutates rapidly because its genetic material is RNA rather than DNA. As result, mutations, including drug-resistance mutations, can accumulate rapidly.

To which part of an antigen does an antibody bind?

the antigen determinant

The immune system is initially capable of mounting responses to particular microorganisms because _____.

the body contains an enormous diversity of white blood cells, each with a specific kind of antigen receptor

Which statement correctly describes drug resistance and AIDS? -As a result of development of antiviral treatments that involve a "cocktail" of three or more antiviral drugs taken in combination, drug resistance is rare and is no longer a concern in the developed world. -HIV mutates rapidly because its genetic material is RNA rather than DNA. As result, mutations, including drug-resistance mutations, can accumulate rapidly. -Although researchers have seen multiple drug-resistant HIV strains in patients taking combination drug therapy, this has never been seen in newly diagnosed patients. -The presence of multiple antiviral drugs in the bloodstream causes mutations to develop in patients taking three or more antiviral drugs in combination.

HIV mutates rapidly because its genetic material is RNA rather than DNA. As result, mutations, including drug-resistance mutations, can accumulate rapidly.

Cytotoxic T cells kill infected body cells by _____.

using perforins to make holes through which apoptosis-inducing chemicals can enter

The immune system is initially capable of mounting responses to particular microorganisms because _____. -bone marrow cells determine which type of B and T cells to make -the body contains an enormous diversity of white blood cells, each with a specific kind of antigen receptor -bone marrow cells make different antigen receptors, depending on the invading microorganisms -white blood cells are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection

the body contains an enormous diversity of white blood cells, each with a specific kind of antigen receptor

The thymus is most active during childhood. A child with a malfunctioning thymus will have trouble with ___________.

Humoral and cell-mediated immunity (the thymus produces T cells, which function primarily in cell-mediated immunity, although the thymus gland also stimulates B cell action of humoral immunity)

What is the key difference between active immunity and passive immunity?

In active immunity, a body produces its own antibodies; in passive immunity, a person receives pre-made antibodies (Active immunity refers to a body's capability of producing antigens against a particular treat. In passive immunity, the antibodies come from other source. Passive immunity lasts only as long as the antibodies last)

What is the key difference between active immunity and passive immunity?

In active immunity, a body produces its own antibodies; in passive immunity, a person receives pre-made antibodies.

Fever can stimulate cells infected by viruses to produce interferon. What is the reason for this?

Interferon can stimulate uninfected cells to become resistant to virus attack

How does HIV destroy helper T cells?

It initiates apoptosis in infected helper T cells

How does HIV destroy helper T cells?

It initiates apoptosis in infected helper T cells.

HIV mutates rapidly because____________________

It is an RNA virus

During a secondary immune response, _____.

the generation of effector cells begins with memory cells produced during the primary immune response

During a secondary immune response, _____. -several days are required from exposure to maximum effector response -the generation of effector cells begins with memory cells produced during the primary immune response -selected B cells generate antibody-producing effector B cells called plasma cells -the stricken individual may become ill

the generation of effector cells begins with memory cells produced during the primary immune response

When searching for a donor for an organ transplant, doctors try to match the _____ of the donor and recipient as closely as possible. -blood type -antibodies -leukocytes -MHC "fingerprints"

MHC "fingerprints"

When searching for a donor for an organ transplant, doctors try to match the ___________ of the donor and recipient as closely as possible

MHC "fingerprints"

Tissues are typed before an organ transplant to make sure that the _____ of donor and recipient match as closely as possible.

MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins

An antigen-presenting cell is a _____.

Macrophages can act as antigen-presenting cells. After breaking up the antigen, parts of it are attached to the macrophage's self proteins and displayed at the cell surface.

Which of the following statements regarding the cell-mediated response is correct?

Macrophages digest the antigen to break it up into its components, which are then bound by and presented to the cell surface for removal.

Which of the following statements regarding the cell-mediated response is correct? -Both B and T cells are responsible for the cell-mediated response. -The self proteins bind to and present the antigens to the cell so that macrophages can ingest them. -Macrophages digest the antigen to break it up into its components, which are then bound by and presented to the cell surface for removal. -Cells may clump around viruses to render the virus inactive.

Macrophages digest the antigen to break it up into its components, which are then bound by and presented to the cell surface for removal.

An antigen-presenting cell is a_____________.

Macrphage (macrophages can act as antigen-presenting cells. after breaking up the antigen, parts of it are attached to the macrophage's self proteins and displayed at the cell surface)

Which cell type is responsible for the secondary immune response?

Memory cells are rapidly activated upon repeated exposure to the same antigen.

How do memory cells differ from effector cells?

Memory cells live longer.

Give an explanation of why lymph is returned to the circulatory system via veins?

the interstitial fluid captured by the lymphatic system is low in oxygen (if it were returned to arteries, it would reduce the oxygen concentration of arterial blood)

The biggest difference between the cell-mediated immune response and the humoral immune response is _____.

the location of the pathogens they respond to

Sam is exposed to a cold virus on Sunday. By Tuesday he has a cough and a congested nose. On Saturday he starts to feel a little better, and antibodies against the cold virus begin to be detectable. What kind of response?

Primary (the primary response is slow to develop)

The idea behind vaccination is to induce _____ without the vaccinated individual having to get sick. -the primary immune response -inflammation -passive immunity -nonspecific defenses

the primary immune response

The first line of defense against infection is _____. -the inflammatory response -the immune system -the skin and mucous membranes -antibiotics

the skin and mucous membranes

Fetal puppies and kittens receive passive immunity from mom by which of the following mechanisms? -the ingestion of a vaccine given to the mother -the transfer of antibodies from her bloodstream -prenatal exposure to diseases -the transfer of B cells and T cells from her bloodstream

the transfer of antibodies from her bloodstream

An antigen associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?

the variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined

Which of the following cell types is specifically responsible for cell-mediated immunity? -leukocytes -T cells -natural killer cells -B cells

T cells

Which is the most likely explanation for why lymph is returned to the circulatory system via veins?

The interstitial fluid captured by the lymphatic system is low in oxygen

In a series of immune system experiments, the T cells of baby mice were inactivated. Which of the following would you predict as a likely result? -The mice readily accepted tissue transplants. -The mice never developed cancerous tumors. -the mice suffered from numerous allergies. -the mice suffered from autoimmune diseases.

The mice readily accepted tissue transplants.

What organs make up the lymphatic system?

The spleen, along with the tonsils, lymph nodes, adenoids, and the appendix, is a lymphatic organ.

The antigen-binding sites of an antibody molecule are formed from the molecule's variable regions. Why are these regions called "variable"?

The structure of these antibody regions is different from one antibody to the next

The thymus is most active during childhood. A child with a malfunctioning thymus will have trouble with __________.

The thymus produces T cells, which function primarily in cell-mediated immunity, but they also stimulate B cell action.

T and B cells are types of _____.

The vertebrate body is populated by two main types of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.

The antigen-binding sites of an antibody molecule are formed from the molecule's variable regions. Why are these regions called variable? -They can change their shapes on command to fit different antigens. -They can be different shapes on different -Their specific shapes are unimportant. -They change their shapes when they bind to an antigen.

They can be different shapes on different antibody molecules.

What is the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response?

They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels at the wound site

Cytotoxic T cells kill infected body cells by

Using perforins to make holes through which apoptosis-inducing chemicals can enter

Interferon

a chemical used in cell-cell communication. it is a signal to other cells that a virus is nearby

Flu

a seasonal infection that is caused by a virus, not the body's own immune system

Which of the following is initiated by the binding of antibodies to antigens? -inhibition of neutralization -secretion of interferon by infected cells -antigen activation -activation of complement proteins

activation of complement proteins

Which of the following is initiated by the binding of antibodies to antigens?

activation of complement proteins The complement system is activated by antibody-antigen binding. Complement components assemble on the pathogen's plasma membrane and, when complete, puncture it.

AIDS

an example of an immunodeficiency disease

Passive immunity can be obtained from _____. -an injection of antibodies that recognize invading microbes -white blood cells that fight infection -a hormone that boosts the immune response -an injection of inactivated disease-causing microbes

an injection of antibodies that recognize invading microbes

Passive immunity can be obtained from __________.

an injection of antibodies that recognize invading microbes

A macromolecule produced in the body that recognizes another molecule as "foreign" to the body is a(n) _____. -antibody -antigen -lymphocyte -platelet

antibody

A substance that causes an immune response is called a(n) _____. -antigen -complement -interferon -antibody

antigen

If you are allergic to grass pollen, that pollen is a(n) _____. -antibody -antigen -histamine -antihistamine

antigen

The region of an antigen to which an antibody binds is termed the _____.

antigenic determinant

The region of an antigen to which an antibody binds is termed the _____. -light chain -heavy chain -antigenic determinant -variable region

antigenic determinant

Give an example of the inflammatory responses is characteristic of only a systemic response?

bacteria and toxins enter the bloodstream, and the white blood cell count increases significantly (During a systemic response to inflammation, body temperature increases, resulting in fever to fight the cause of inflammation, usually an infection)

Monoclonal antibodies are used in, or show promise for use in, _____. -neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's and autism -the manufacture of genetically modified foods -the treatment of cancer and type II diabetes -cancer treatment and pregnancy testing

cancer treatment and pregnancy testing

Complement proteins

cause lysis of bacteria.

Helper T cells are part of _____.

cell-mediated immune responses

When you are immune to a disease, _____. -certain lymphocytes are able to make the proper antibodies quickly -B cells are stimulated to quickly engulf invaders -antibodies against the disease are constantly circulating in your blood -your nonspecific defenses are strengthened

certain lymphocytes are able to make the proper antibodies quickly

The proliferation of the B lymphocyte to which a specific antigen binds is referred to as _____. -parabiosis -antigenic determination -an activation sequence -clonal selection

clonal selection

The proliferation of the B lymphocyte to which a specific antigen binds is referred to as _____.

clonal selection: When an antigen binds to a B cell or a T cell, that cell proliferates, forming clones of effector cells with the same specificity.

A group of researchers tested many chemicals and found several that have potential for use in modifying the action of the immune system. Which of the following compounds has the most promise as a drug for inhibiting transplant rejection? -compound Q6: stimulates cytotoxic T cells -compound A13: acts like histamine -compound N98: a potent allergen -compound B55: suppresses specific cytotoxic T cells

compound B55: suppresses specific cytotoxic T cells

Which of the following types of cells kills infected body cells? -perforins -B cells -cytotoxic T cells -helper T cells

cytotoxic T cells

Which of the following is an immediate function of histamine? -decreasing the systemic blood pressure -decreasing the permeability of local capillaries -causing local arterioles to contract -causing local swelling of the muscle

decreasing the systemic blood pressure

Innate immunity

describes a set of defenses that are always at the ready and are the same whether a particular infectious agent has been encountered or not

adaptive immunity

describes a set of defenses that are customized to each infectious agent, providing a stronger response when an agent has been encountered before.

Most individuals infected with HIV _____. -die from other infections or cancer -die within one week -never develop AIDS -die from autoimmune reactions

die from other infections or cancer

Which of the following is part of the inflammatory response?

dilation of the capillaries

Which of the following is part of the inflammatory response? -massive production of antibodies -dilation of the capillaries -constriction of the arterioles -division of B and T lymphocytes to produce an army of effector cells

dilation of the capillaries

Natural killer cells _____.

do not attack microorganisms directly; instead, they destroy virus-infected body cells and cancer cells

Leukocytes

white blood cells